Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Bulgaria: A Brief Analysis of the Situation in the Country
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.073Keywords:
HEV infection, Bulgaria, Public healthAbstract
BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, more thorough investigations for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection have been done in the world. Reports from Southeast European countries have increased.
AIM: The current article presents a critical analysis of all studies for HEV in Bulgaria.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was done using available medical databases. We analysed the literature in PubMed databases and Bulgarian medical databases for English and Bulgarian languages sources. Preference was given to the sources published within the past 24 years (January 1995 – September 2018).
RESULTS: Two thousand two hundred and fifty-seven blood serums were tested for the analysed period (1995 – 2018), and 13.1% of them were positive for acute HEV (Mean ± SD: 20.38 ± 25.77%; 95% CI: 1.29 – 39.47%). The following subtypes were established in the country – HEV Subtype 3e, HEV Subtype 3f, HEV Subtype 3c, HEV Subtype 3i, HEV Subtype 3hi and HEV Subtype 1.
CONCLUSION: We hope that the National Health Organizations will take adequate and timely measures to increase the knowledge and research for HEV among Bulgarian citizens.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS. Hepatitis E: discovery, global impact, control and cure. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(31):7030–7045. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7030 PMid:27610014 PMCid:PMC4988308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7030
Pepovich R, Baymakova M, Pishmisheva M, Marutsov P, Pekova L, Tsachev I. Current knowledge on Hepatitis E virus infection. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2019; 76(7):[in Press]. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP170815159P DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP170815159P
Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med. 1980; 68(6):818–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(80)90200-4 PMid: 6770682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(80)90194-1
Wong DC, Purcell RH, Sreenivasan MA, Prasad SR, Pavri KM. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet. 1980; 316(8200):876–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92045-0 PMid: 6107544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92045-0
Teoharov P, Tiholova M, Draganov P, Lilyanova V, Ivanova R, Varleva T, et al. First cases of hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria. Infectology (Sofia). 1995; 32(3):17–18. [in Bulgarian]
Teoharov P, Pishmisheva M, Kovaleva V. Hepatitis E virus infection: a case report. Infectology (Sofia). 2008; 45(1):43–44. [in Bulgarian]
Rouseva A, Nikolovska D. Two cases of hepatitis E in Bulgaria. Pediatr Infect Dis (Sofia). 2010; 2(1):26–28. [in Bulgarian]
Dikov I, Popov G, Plochev K, Baymakova M. Hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria. Bulg Hepatogastroenterology (Sofia). 2012; 14(1):37–40. [in Bulgarian]
Teoharov P, Kevorkyan A, Raycheva R, Golkocheva-Markova E, Trandeva-Bankova D, Andonov A. Data on the prevalence of hepatitis E virus in Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l'Academie bulgare des Sciences. 2014; 67(10):1427–1432.
Petrov A, Stoycheva M, Vatev N, Boev I. Viral hepatitis E in Plovdiv district: epidemiological, clinical and biochemical characteristics. Sci Infectol Parasitol (Sofia). 2015; 6(1):29–31. [in Bulgarian]
Baymakova M, Sakem B, Plochev K, Popov GT, Mihaylova-Garnizova R, Kovaleva V, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria: a report on 20 patients. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2016; 144(1-2):63–68. https://doi.org/10.2298/SARH1602063B PMid:27276860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SARH1602063B
Stoykova Z, Ivanova L, Tsaneva-Damyanova D, Kostadinova T. Hepatitis E virus infection in Northeastern Bulgaria. Medical Review (Sofia). 2017; 53(3):30–34. [in Bulgarian]
Bruni R, Villano U, Equestre M, Chionne P, Madonna E, Trandeva-Bankova D, et al. Hepatitis E virus genotypes and subgenotypes causing acute hepatitis, Bulgaria, 2013-2015. PLoS One. 2018; 13(6):e0198045. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198045 PMid: 29879148 PMCid: PMC5991722 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198045
Aspinall E, Hutchinson S, Goldberg D, Smith-Palmer A. ECDC Surveillance Report: Hepatitis E in the EU/EEA, 2005–2015. Stockholm (Sweden): ECDC, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2900/059144
Anita A, Gorgan L, Anita D, Oslobanu L, Pavio N, Savuta G. Evidence of hepatitis E infection in swine and humans in the East Region of Romania. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 29:232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.018 PMid:25447729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.018
Eker A, Tansel O, Kunduracilar H, Tokuc B, Yulugkural Z, Yuksel P. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in adult population in Edirne province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009; 43(2):251–258. [in Turkish] PMid:19621610
Kondili LA, Chionne P, Porcaro A, Madonna E, Taffon S, Resuli B, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody and the possible association with chronic liver disease: a case-control study in Albania. Epidemiol Infect. 2006; 134(1):95–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026880500470X PMid: 16409655 PMCid: PMC2870364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026880500470X
Pishmisheva M, Baymakova M, Golkocheva-Markova E, Kundurzhiev T, Pepovich R, Popov GT, et al. First serological study of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs in Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l'Academie bulgare des Sciences. 2018; 71(7):1001–1008. https://doi.org/10.7546/CRABS.2018.07.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7546/CRABS.2018.07.18
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Magdalena Baymakova, Georgi T. Popov, Roman Pepovich, Ilia Tsachev
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
