Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer in Egypt: Truths and Myths

Hebat Allah Ahmed Amin; Mohamed Hamed Kobaisi; Rasha Mohamed Samir

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.857

Authors

Hebat Allah Ahmed Amin Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Mohamed Hamed Kobaisi Pathology Department, National Institute of Urology and Nephrology, Cairo, Egypt
Rasha Mohamed Samir Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.857

Keywords:

Schistosomiasis, Bladder cancer, Molecular basis, Urothelial carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Transitional cell carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The gathered archeopathological evidence has confirmed that Schistosomiasis has been endemic in Ancient Egypt for over 500 decades. The association between Schistosoma hematobium and increase bladder cancer risk is also well acknowledged. However, over the years, there is a proved changing pattern of bladder cancer that needs to be investigated.

AIM: We aim to discuss the truths and myths about bladder cancer and its association with Schistosomiasis in Egypt.

METHODS: A cross-sectional, case-control study was performed to collect recent data on the topic.

RESULTS: Of the reported cancer cases, 79.3% were transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), an additional 6% showed associated squamous features. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constituted only 13.8% of cancer cases. Schistosomiasis was histologically confirmed in 19 cancer cases, only one was SCC. The relative frequency of TCC is increasing, while SCC is decreasing. There is no evidence that this pattern is related to smoking or environmental factors, as the incidence of lung cancer, is not proportionately increasing.

CONCLUSION: The old concept that Schistosomiasis is associated with SCC should be revaluated as most cases are associated with TCC. Relying on the histopathology for confirmation of Schistosomiasis in our research studies appears to be non-accurate and leads to irrelevant results.