The Effect and Activity of Free Radical Enzymes Due to Arsenic Exposure Through the Vulva and Vagina

Irnawati Irnawati; Rinaldi Idroes; Muslim Akmal; Eko Suhartono; Asep Rusyana; Irma Seriana

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.10306

Authors

Irnawati Irnawati Department of Midwifery, Aceh Polytechnic of Health, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-5504
Rinaldi Idroes Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Muslim Akmal Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-1505
Eko Suhartono Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-5504
Asep Rusyana Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4399-0281
Irma Seriana Department of Midwifery, Aceh Polytechnic of Health, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5536-750X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10306

Keywords:

Arsenic exposure, Vaginal mucosa absorption, Uterus ovary inflammatory, Vulva vaginal exposure

Abstract

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Geogenic arsenic is ubiquitous, found in water and soil that is used daily, can be exposed to the female body through the genital organs. The vulva and vagina are open channels that allow toxic agents to enter the internal genitalia and distributed throughout the body.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the effects of vaginal arsenic exposure via vulvar immersion and vaginal douching in Rattus norvegicus on the damage of uterus and ovaries through oxidative mechanisms (MDA, SOD, and H₂O₂).

METHODOLOGY: The experimental animals were divided into three treatment groups, i.e., K0 (control group), K1 (group treated with vulvar immersion in 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution), and K2 (group treated with vaginal douching using 0.5-mL of 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution). For each group, the treatment was repeated six times and carried out for fourteen days. Before the study, a seven-day acclimatization period was conducted for adaptation purposes. The experimental animals were euthanized using ketamine xylazine. The uterus and ovaries were collected for MDA, SOD, and H₂O analysis, as well as histopathology examination.

RESULTS: The vaginal douching group had the highest MDA level both on the uterus (210.66±4.92μM) and the ovaries (214.67±2.50 μM). The immersion group also experienced an increase in MDA in the uterus (198.66±3.33μM) and ovaries (206.33± .21μM). However, a higher level of MDA was found in the ovaries. The highest H₂O₂ level was also found in the uterine and ovarian organs in the douching group. In contrast, the lowest SOD levels of uterine and ovarian were identified in the vaginal douching group. Arsenic exposure through vaginal immersion and douching affected the uterine MDA, SOD, and H₂O levels (Ρ<0.05). Arsenic exposure through vaginal douching also affected the ovarian MDA, SOD, and H₂O levels (Ρ<0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean of inflammatory cells (infiltrated neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) in the uterus and ovaries in the control, immersion, and vaginal douching groups (Ρ<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Exposure to 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution through vulvar immersion and vaginal douching can cause oxidative stress and trigger inflammation of the uterine and ovarian tissue.

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