A Literature Review on Postpartum Perineal Wound Care: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Interventions

Bina Melvia Girsang; Eqlima Elfira

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2023.11073

Authors

Bina Melvia Girsang Department of Midwifery and Child Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6176-8617
Eqlima Elfira Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5090

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2023.11073

Keywords:

perineum, wound healing, episiotomy

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Perineal injury is an injury to the urogenital diaphragm and levator ani muscle, which occurs during normal delivery, or vaginal delivery, can occur without injury to the perineal or vaginal skin. Perineal wounds become one of the breeding media for germs so that it becomes the cause of puerperal infection. Perineal infection can occur because the location of the perineum is moist so that it becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. Incidence of infection that occurs in the perineal wound can spread to the birth canal or urinary tract. Infectious conditions in the perineal wound will slow down the wound healing process, because it can increase the damage to the supporting tissues of the skin.

AIM: This systematic review aims to see how postnatal perineal wound care: Epidemiology, impact, and future interventions.

METHODS: Researchers searched for quantitative studies published between 2017 and 2021, using PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Thirty studies in systematics review.

RESULTS: The studies that have been collected that there are nine studies discussing the effect of therapies given to the treatment of perineal wounds in studies that discuss therapy two studies including discussing infrared lamp therapy, one study discussing the effects of mastic oleoresin, one study discussing betel leaf decoction, one study discussing the effectiveness of Aloe vera, one study discussing the effects of cinnamon, one study discussed the application of negative pressure sores, one study discussed the effect of pineapple fruit juice, and one other study discussed the effects of carvacrol, tymol, and olive oil. Then, two studies discussed the prevalence of perineal wound events and three studies discussed the characteristics of perineum wounds.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review evaluates and synthesizes the effectiveness of intervention methods of perineal wound pain reduction and perineal wound healing (episiotomy) and improves comfort in consideration of the methodological evidence level of stud patients’ comfort.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

El-Lassy RB, Madian AA. The effect of infrared lamp therapy on episiotomy wound restorative besides pain relief among post- partum women. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2018;9(2):20. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n2p20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n2p20

Dudley L, Kettle C, Waterfield J, Ismail KM. Perineal resuturing versus expectant management following vaginal delivery complicated by a dehisced wound (PREVIEW): A nested qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(2):e013008. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013008 PMid:28188152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013008

Karaçam Z, Ekmen H, Calişır H, Seker S. Prevalence of episiotomy in primiparas, related conditions, and effects of episiotomy on suture materials used, perineal pain, wound healing 3 weeks postpartum, in Turkey: A prospective follow-up study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(3):237-45. PMid:23983762

Nethravathi V, Kshirsagar NS, Kakade SV. Effectiveness of infrared lamp therapy on healing of episiotomy wound among post natal mothers. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev. 2015;2(4):1-5.

Konya I, Nishiya K, Yano R. Effectiveness of bed bath methods for skin integrity, skin cleanliness and comfort enhancement in adults: A systematic review. Nurs Open. 2021;8(5):2284-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.836 PMid:33724709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.836

Girsang BM, Elfira E. How a cold sitz bath versus infrared therapy can remove the pain of postpartum perineal wounds. J Keperawatan Soedirman. 2021;16(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jks.2021.16.1.1124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jks.2021.16.1.1124

Chiarelli P, Cockburn J. Postpartum perineal management and best practice. Aust Coll Midwives Inc J. 1999;12(1):14-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1031-170x(99)80035-x PMid:10222939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1031-170X(99)80035-X

Jacob A. Clinical Nursing Procedures: The Art of Nursing Practice. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10140_11

Kaur N, Rana AK, Suri V. Effect of dry heat versus moist heat on episiotomy pain and wound heating. Nurs Midwifery Res J. 2013;9(1):21-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974150X20130103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33698/NRF0150

Tejirian T, Abbas M. Sitz Bath: Where Is the Evidence? Scientific Basis of a Common Practice. Disease of the colon and rectum. 2005;48(12):2336-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-005-0085-x

Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Chekos AK, Repke JT. Postpartum sexual function and its relationship to perineal trauma: A retrospective cohort study in primiparous women. Am J Obstet Ginekol. 2001;184(5):881-8; discussion 888-90. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.113855 PMid:11303195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.113855

Sheikhan F, Jahdi F, Khoei EM, Shamsalizadeh N, Sheikhan M, Haghani H. Episiotomy pain relief: Use of Lavender oil essence in primiparous Iranian women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(1):66-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.02.003 PMid:22196577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.02.003

Behmanesh F, Aghamohammadi A, Zeinalzadeh M, Khafri S. Effect of olive oil sitz bath on improvement of perineal injury repair after delivery. Koomesh. 2013;14(3):309-15.

Mohammadi A, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, Javadzadeh Y, Fardiazar Z, Effati- Daryani F. Effects of cinnamon on perineal pain and healing of episiotomy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2014;12(4):359-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60025-X PMid:25074885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60025-X

Nurjanah S, Puspitaningrum D, Ismawati R. Connection Characteristics With The Behavior of Postpartum Mothers In Prevention Perineal Wound infection in Hospital Indonesia: Roemani, Proceedings National Seminar on Publication of Research Result and Service Public; 2017.p. 336-47.

Ranasinghe P, Pigera S, Premakumara GA, Galappaththy P, Constantine GR, Katulanda P. Medicinal properties of ‘true’ cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:275. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-275 PMid:24148965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-275

Lu YY, Su ML, Gau ML, Lin KC, Au HK. The efficacy of cold- gel packing for relieving episiotomy pain-a quasi-randomised control trial. Contemp Nurse. 2015;50(1):26-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2015.1010257 PMid:26058405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2015.1010257

Dewi PS, Hani U, Anwar M. The effectiveness of Aloe vera gel in reducing the pain of perineal wound. Medisains. 2020;18(3):99. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v18i3.8202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v18i3.8202

Senol DK, Aslan E. Effect of Cold Application to The Perineum on Pain Relief After Vaginal Birth. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2017;11(4):276-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.11.001

Varaei S, Ardabili FM, Irani PS, Ranjbar H. The effect of Aloe vera gel and nitrofurazone on dressing related pain of superficial burn wounds. World J Plast Surg. 2017;6(2):254-6. PMid:28713723

Umamy F, Harahap IA, Christiani M. Effect of pineaple juice on perineal wound healing in postpartum mothers at anugrah clinic. Sci Midwifery. 2021;10(1):461-6.

Uddin G, Ismail RA, Raza M, Khan H, Nasruddin KM, Farooq U, et al. Urease inhibitory profile of extracts and chemical constituents of Pistacia atlantica ssp. Cabulica stocks. Nat Prod Res. 2016;30(12):1411-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1062378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1062378

Fazeli-Nasab B, Fooladvand Z. Classification and evaluation of medicinal plants and medical properties of mastic. Int J Adv Biol Biom Res. 2014;2(6):2155-61.

Ahmed S, Saeed-ul-hussan S, Islam M, Qureshi F, Waheed I, Munawar I, et al. The antioxidant activity of Pistacia khinjuk is supported by phytochemical investigations. Acta Pol Pharm. 2017;74(1):173-8. PMid:29474773

Yavuer R, Kelly C, Durrani N, Mittal V, Jackson IT, Remine S. Continuous reinforcement of subcuticular suture closure with surgical adhesive strips and rubber mastic: Is additional strength provided? Am J Surg. 2005;189(3):315-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.01.003 PMid:15792758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.01.003

Darulis NO, Kundaryanti R, Novelia S. The effect of betel leaf water decoction on perineal wound healing among post partum women. Nurs Health Sci J. 2021;1(2):130-5. https://doi.org/10.53713/nhs.v1i2.64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53713/nhs.v1i2.64

Davidge KM, Raghuram K, Hofer SO, Ferguson PC, Wunder JS, Swallow CJ, et al. Impact of flap reconstruction on perineal wound complications after ablative surgery for advanced and recurrent rectal cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(6):2068-73. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3529-5 PMid:24522990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3529-5

Musters GD, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Tanis PJ. Perineal wound healing after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(9):1129-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000182 PMid:25101610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000182

Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils-reviews. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(2):446-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 PMid:17996351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106

Cahill C, Fowler A, Williams LJ. The application of incisional negative pressure wound therapy for perineal wounds: A systematic review. Int Wound J. 2018;15(5):740-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12921 PMid:29863305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12921