Association Between Soluble Cluster of Differentiation 14 Levels and Active Tuberculosis Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2023.11690Keywords:
tuberculosis, HIV, sCD14Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the major opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death among the HIV population worldwide. Indonesia is included among the countries seriously affected by both TB and HIV. HIV increases the lifetime risk of TB infection. One of the parameters related to TB infection in HIV patients is the level of sCD14, which is part of monocytes and macrophages and can bind to lipoarabinomannan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
METHODS: This study uses cross-sectional analysis. The research subjects were determined by the purposive consecutive method at the Sanglah Hospital, Bali, in 2021–2022. The sCD14 level was measured by the ELISA method. The diagnosis of active tuberculosis was confirmed by examining patient specimens using the molecular rapid test method RT-PCR GeneXpert MTB/RIF.
RESULTS: There were 60 subjects with HIV infection, consisting of 42 (70%) men and 18 (30%) women. The mean age was 39.13 ± 11.734 years. The median body mass index was 18.8 (16.3–23.4), clinical stage 1–2 was 17 (28.3%), and stage 3–4 was 43 (71.7%). A total of 46 (76.7%) people had other opportunistic infections besides TB. The cut-off point for sCD14 levels was 2900 ng/mL. Subjects with active TB infection were 18 (30%) people and 42 (70%) people without TB. The results of bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test found a significant relationship between sCD14 levels and active tuberculosis infection in HIV patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression showed that high sCD14 levels were independently associated with active tuberculosis infection in HIV patients (AOR 13.64; 95% CI: 2.89–64.42; p = 0.001), while other confounding factors were not significantly associated with active tuberculosis infection in HIV patients.
CONCLUSION: sCD14 levels are associated with active tuberculosis infection in HIV patients.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en [Last accessed on 2020 May 30].
Engel P, Boumsell L, Balderas R, Bensussan A, Gattei V, Horejsi V, et al. CD nomenclature 2015: Human leukocyte differentiation antigen workshops as a driving force in immunology. J Immunol. 2015;195(10):4555-63. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1502033 PMid:26546687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1502033
Kumar NP, Moideen K, Bhootra Y, Nancy A, Viswanathan V, Shruthi BS, et al. Elevated circulating levels of monocyte activation markers among tuberculosis patients with diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology. 2019;156(3):249-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13023 PMid:30427060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13023
Zambuzi FA, Cardoso-Silva PM, Espindola MS, Soares LS, Galvão-Lima LJ, Brauer VS, et al. Identification of promising plasma immune biomarkers to differentiate active pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2016;88:99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.030 PMid:27591510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.030
Lawn SD, Labeta MO, Arias M, Acheampong JW, Griffin GE. Elevated serum concentrations of soluble CD14 in HIV-and HIV+ patientswithtuberculosisinAfrica:Prolongedelevationduringanti- tuberculosis treatment. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;120(3):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01246.x PMid:10844527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01246.x
Kemenkes. Laporan Perkembangan HIV-AIDS and Penyakit Infeksi Menular Seksual (PIMS) Triwulan I Tahun 2021. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2021.
Song WM, Guo J, Xu TT, Li SJ, Liu JY, Tao NN, et al. Association between body mass index and newly diagnosed drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Shandong, China from 2004 to 2019. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):399. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01774-2 PMid:34872558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01774-2
Assemie MA, Muchie KF, Ayele TA. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow up among HIV-infected adults at Pawi General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Competing risk regression model. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3407-5 PMid:29747698 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3407-5
Chepkondol GK, Jolly PE, Yatich N, Mbowe O, Jaoko WG. Types and prevalence of HIV-related opportunistic infections/conditions among HIV-positive patients attending Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(2):615-24. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.9 PMid:33163022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.9
Lumsden RH, Bloomfield GS. The causes of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy: A tale of two worlds. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:8196560. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8196560 PMid:26885518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8196560
Wang PH, Wu MF, Hsu CY, Lin SY, Chang YN, Lee HS, et al. The dynamic change of immune checkpoints and CD14+ monocytes in latent tuberculosis infection. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10):1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101479 PMid:34680598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101479
Liu Y, Ndumnego OC, Chen T, Kim RS, Jenny-Avital ER, Ndung’u T, et al. Soluble CD14 as a diagnostic biomarker for smear-negative HIV-associated tuberculosis. Pathogens. 2018;7(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7010026 PMid:29495442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7010026
Druszczynska M, Wlodarczyk M, Janiszewska-Drobinska B, Kielnierowski G, Zawadzka J, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, et al. Monocyte signal transduction receptors in active and latent tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:851452. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/851452 PMid:23401703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/851452
López-Ramos JE, Macías-Segura N, Cuevas-Cordoba B, Araujo-Garcia Z, Bastián Y, Castañeda-Delgado JE, et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of tuberculosis combining Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunodominant peptides and serum host biomarkers. Arch Med Res. 2018;49(3):147-53.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.07.003 PMid:30037543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.07.003
Echazarreta A, Zerbini E, De Sandro J, Sáenz C, Yessi L, Saad R, et al. Tuberculosis and comorbidities in urban areas in Argentina. A gender and age perspective. Biomédica. 2018;38(2):180-8. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3904 PMid:30184347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3904
Alavi-Naini R, Sharifi-Mood B, Metanat M. Association between tuberculosis and smoking. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2012;1(2):71-4. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.5215 PMid:24971236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.5215
Gunda DW, Maganga SC, Nkandala I, Kilonzo SB, Mpondo BC, Shao ER, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of active TB among adult HIV patients receiving ART in Northwestern Tanzania: A retrospective cohort study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2018;2018:1346104. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1346104 PMid:30073038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1346104
Jaryal A, Raina R, Sarkar M, Sharma A. Manifestations of tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patients and its relationship with CD4 count. Lung India. 2011;28(4):263-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.85687 PMid:22084539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.85687
Sileshi B, Deyessa N, Girma B, Melese M, Suarez P. Predictors of mortality among TB-HIV co-infected patients being treated for tuberculosis in Northwest Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):297. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-297 PMid:23815342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-297
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Y. A. A. Gayatri, Putu Juni Wulandari (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
