Kidney Diseases and COVID-19 Pandemic – A Review Article

Tarek Abdelaziz

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.4864

Authors

Tarek Abdelaziz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Kasr-Alainy Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4864

Keywords:

SARS Coronavirus, COVID-19, Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, Kidney diseases

Abstract

In December 2019, first cases of a novel coronavirus were identified in Wuhan, China. A state of global pandemic was shortly declared among a very rapid contagious spread of the virus. The causative virus was identified as the SARS-CoV-2 viruses and is genetically related to the previous SARS outbreak in 2003. The virus causes a wide clinical spectrum from mild flu-like symptoms to adult respiratory distress syndrome. Kidney involvement has been reported in several reports in patients with various degrees of severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As knowledge is evolving, the accurate incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is not known. Many questions are yet to be answered regarding the effect of epidemiological variables and comorbidities on the occurrence of AKI. Some reports have observed the occurrence of hematuria and proteinuria in a percentage of infected patients. Moreover, chronic kidney disease has not been found, in some reports to add to the adverse outcomes, an aspect that merits further exploration. Patients on regular hemodialysis may be vulnerable to coronavirus infection due to the lower status of immunity and the need for frequent attendance at health-care facilities. Due to the previous factors, prevention and mitigation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in this vulnerable population, constitutes a major challenge.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 2019) Situation Reports. Available from: https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. [Last accessed on 2020 Apr 06].

Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Should COVID-19 concern nephrologists? Why and to what extent? The emerging impasse of angiotensin blockade. Nephron. 2020;144(5):213-21. https:// doi.org/10.1159/000507305

Zhao W, Yu S, Zha X, Wang N, Pang Q, Li T, et al. Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: A retrospective cohort study. MedRxiv. 2020; 2020:20035436. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20035436

Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829-38. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005 PMid:32247631

Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa2002032

Naicker S, Yang C, Hwang S, Liu B, Chen J, Jha V. The novel coronavirus 2019 epidemic and kidneys. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):824-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.001 PMid:32204907

Chu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS, Lam MF, Lai FM, To KF, et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int. 2005;67(2):698-705. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67130.x PMid:15673319

Kwan BC, Leung C, Szeto C, Wong VW, Cheng Y, Yu AW, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(7):1883-8. PMid:15213277

Yan S, Song X, Lin F, Zhu H, Wang X, Li M, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in Hainan, China. MedRxiv. 2020; 2020:20038539. doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20035436

Yang Y, Shi J, Ge S, Guo S, Xing X, Wang Y, et al. Effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation: A retrospective cohort study. MedRxiv. 2020; 2020:3. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.16.20036780

Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yang Z, Xia D, Geng S. Clinical characteristics of patients with severe pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv. 2020; 2020:20029306. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.20029306

Zhao Z, Xie J, Yin M, Yang Y, He H, Jin T, et al. Clinical and laboratory profiles of 75 hospitalized patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Hefei, China. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20029785. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029785

Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: An analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(5):343-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507471

Lu J, Hu S, Fan R, Liu Z, Yin X, Wang Q, et al. ACP risk grade: A simple mortality index for patients with confirmed or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) during the early stage of outbreak in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20025510. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.02.20.20025510

Huang H, Cai S, Li Y, Li Y, Fan Y, Li L, et al. Prognostic factors for COVID-19 pneumonia progression to severe symptom based on the earlier clinical features: A retrospective analysis. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20045989. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20045989

Xie, J, Hungerford D, Chen H, Abrams ST, Li S, Wang G, et al. Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20045997. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20045997

Hu L, Chen S, Fu Y, Gao Z, Long H, Ren H, et al. Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20037721.

Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on kidney dysfunctions of COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20021212.

Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0140-6736(20)30566-3

Ma K, Liu Z, Cao C, Liu M, Liao J, Zou J, et al. COVID-19 Myocarditis and severity factors. An adult cohort study. MedRxiv. 2020; 2020:20034124.

Qian G, Yang N, Ding F, Ma AH, Wang Z, Shen Y, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 91 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series. QJM. 2020;2020:hcaa089. https://doi. org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa089 PMid:32181807

Pan X, Xu D, Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang L, Cui X. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: A study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;2020:1-3. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1 PMid:32236644

Diao B, Wang C, Wang R, Feng Z, Tan Y, Wang H, et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20031120. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20031120

Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00127-20 PMid:31996437

Larsen CP, Bourne TD, Wilson JD, Saqqa O, Sharshir MA. Collapsing glomerulopathy in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5:935-9. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.002 PMid:32292867

Putzu A, Fang MX, Berto MB, Belletti A, Cabrini L, Cassina T, et al. Blood purification with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in patients with sepsis or ARDS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83(8):867-77. PMid:28607338

Shi Q, Zhao K, Yu J, Feng J, Zhao K, Zhang X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 101 non-surviving hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A single center, retrospective study. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20031039.

Zhang B, Zhou X, Qiu Y, Feng F, Feng J, Jia Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 82 death cases with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020;2020:20028191.

Kliger AS, Silberzweig J. Mitigating risk of COVID-19 in dialysis facilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(5):707-9. https://doi. org/10.2215/cjn.03340320 PMid:32198130

Basile C, Combe C, Pizzarelli F, Covic A, Davenport A, Kanbay M, et al. Recommendations for the prevention, mitigation and containment of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in hemodialysis centres. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(5):737-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa069108 https://www.id-press.eu/mjms/index