Coronavirus Disease-19 Quarantine Experience in the Middle East Region: Emotional Status, Health Patterns, and Self-efficacy Survey

Authors

  • Rasha Mohammed Hussien Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  • Mahmoud Abdul Hameed Shahin Department of Nursing, Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5256

Keywords:

Coronavirus, Coronavirus disease-19, Emotional status, Psychological distress, Quarantine, Self-efficacy

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic can provoke anxiety, stress, sadness, and fear; therefore, the timely assessment of individual psychological health status is urgently necessary for society.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), functional health patterns, and self-efficacy among individuals from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia during the home quarantine experience associated with COVID-19.

METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional research design was applied to a convenience sample that included 704 participants from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Data collection was performed in April 2020, using a self-administered questionnaire that consisted of a sociodemographic data sheet, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), a functional health pattern survey, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES).

RESULTS: Overall, the sample was found to have mild-level DASS scores, with significantly higher scores identified for Egyptian participants compared with those from other countries. In contrast, participants from Egypt presented significantly reduced GSES scores than those from other countries. Higher mean DASS scores were identified among females, participants who reported inappropriate housing conditions and participants who were unemployed, young, widowed, and school-educated. A high mean DASS score was significantly associated with reported disturbances in sleep, sexuality, and social communication, work schedule changes, the inability to concentrate on positive thoughts, the inability to empty their brains of daily thoughts, and not caring about regular interactions with family. Increased mean GSES scores were significantly associated with males, participants who reported appropriate housing conditions, participants who live alone, are older, married, hold higher education degrees, and who are employed with sufficient incomes, whereas lower mean GSES scores were significantly associated with participants who reported engaging in regular exercise, experiencing disturbances in sexuality and social communications, and reduced appetites. However, a significant inverse correlation was detected between the mean DASS and GSES scores, with significant positive correlations among the DASS.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 quarantine was associated with a mild level of depression stress and normal anxiety levels, with higher psychological distress and lower self-efficacy identified among participants from Egypt. The emotional status of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic should be explored further, and awareness programs, designed to address the psychological effects of quarantine, should be promoted, through mass media and other means, with consideration of the effects on the general population, COVID-19 cases, individuals with close contacts with COVID-19 cases, and health-care professionals.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

Author Biography

Rasha Mohammed Hussien, Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

 

 

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Quarantine and Isolation 2017. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/index.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jan 30].

Manuell ME, Cukor J. Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine. Disasters. 2011;35(2):417-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01219.x PMid:21073672

Gordon M. Functional health patterns: A structure for assessment. In: Nursing Diagnosis: Process and Aplication. 3rd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1994. p. 69-120.

Poletti P, Ajelli M, Merler S. Risk perception and effectiveness of uncoordinated behavioral responses in an emerging epidemic. Math Biosci. 2012;238(2):80-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2012.04.003 PMid:22579850

Hollingsworth TD, Klinkenberg D, Heesterbeek H, Anderson RM. Mitigation strategies for pandemic influenza A: balancing conflicting policy objectives. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7(2):e1001076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001076 PMid:21347316

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395:912-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 PMid:32112714

Public Health England. Coronavirus (COVID-19) what you need to know: Blog Editor; 2020. Available from: https://www.publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/01/23/wuhan-novelcoronavirus-what-you-need-to-know. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 26].

Badran M. What is COVID-19 Quarantine? Dr. Badran Answers: Opinion; 2020. Available from: https://www.see.news/covid-19-quarantine-what-is-quarantine. [Last accessed on 2020 May 12].

Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 PMid:32032543

Rubin GJ, Potts H, Michie S. The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: Results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14(34):183-266. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14340-03 PMid:20630124

Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma AS, Muana AT, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210-4. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.158543 PMid:26966332

Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e37-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3 PMid:32043982

Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 PMid:32215365

Bandura A. Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. NewYork: Freeman; 1997. p. 14-139.

Bals M, Turi AL, Skre I, Kvernmo S. The relationship between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and cultural resilience factors in Indigenous Sami youth from Arctic Norway. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2011;70(1):37-45. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v70i1.17790 PMid:21329576

Roddenberry A, Renk K. Locus of control and self-efficacy: Potential mediators of stress, illness, and utilization of health services in college students. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41(4):353-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0173-6 PMid:20204497

Takaki J, Nishi T, Shimoyama H, Inada T, Matsuyama N, Kumano H, et al. Interactions among a stressor, self-efficacy, coping with stress, depression, and anxiety in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Behav Med. 2003;29(3):107-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596063 PMid:15206829

Wu A, Tang CS, Kwok T. Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and psychological distress in elderly Chinese women with chronic illnesses. Aging Ment Health. 2004;8(1):21-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860310001613293 PMid:14690864

Jerusalem M, Hessling JK. Mental health promotion in schools by strengthening self-efficacy. Health Educ. 2009;109(4):329-41. https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280910970901

Terry DJ. Determinants of coping: The role of stable and situational factors. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(5):895. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.895 PMid:8014834

Wikipedia. Saudi Arabia, from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia; 2020. Available from: https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia#cite_note-16. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 28].

Wikipedia. Jordan, from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia; 2020. Available from: https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 28].

Statistics E. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics; 2020. Available from: http://www.capmas.gov.eg. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 26].

Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u PMid:7726811

Le TA, Le MQ, Dang AD, Dang AK, Nguyen CT, Pham HQ, et al. Multi-level predictors of psychological problems among methadone maintenance treatment patients in difference types of settings in Vietnam. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0223-4 PMid:31533764

Norton PJ. Depression anxiety and stress scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2007;20(3):253-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701309279 PMid:17999228

Henry JD, Crawford JR. The 21-item version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): Normative data and psychometric evaluation in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005;44(22):227-39. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657 PMid:16004657

Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. DASS Frequently Asked Questions, UNSW Psychology 2018. Available from: http://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass//DASSFAQ.htm#_3.__How_do_I_get_permission_to_use. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 19].

Moussa MT, Lovibond P, Laube R, Megahead HA. Psychometric properties of an arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS). Res Soc Work Pract. 2017;27(3):375-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516662916

Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs. Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson; 1995. p. 35-7. Avaialble from: https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26768/1/General_Self-Efficacy_Scale%20(GSE).pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 20].

Sbicigo JB, Teixeira MA, Dias AC, Dell’Aglio DD. Propriedades psicométricas da escala de autoeficácia geral percebida (EAGP). Psico. 2012;43(2):1.

Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) in 32 Languages; 2012. Available from: http://www.userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/selfscal.htm. [Last accessed on 2019 Dec 12].

General Assembly of the World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Am Coll Dent. 2014;81(3):14-8. PMid:25951678

Leung G, Lam T, Ho L, Ho S, Chan B, Wong I, et al. The impact of community psychological responses on outbreak control for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(11):857-63. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.11.857 PMid:14600110

Varshney M, Parel JT, Raizada N, Sarin SK. Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233874 PMid:32470088

Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 PMid:32155789

Shultz JM, Cooper JL, Baingana F, Oquendo MA, Espinel Z, Althouse BM, et al. The role of fear-related behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(104):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y PMid:27739026

Thompson RR, Garfin DR, Holman EA, Silver RC. Distress, worry, and functioning following a global health crisis: A national study of Americans’ responses to Ebola. Clin Psychol Sci. 2017;5(3):513-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617692030

Jehn M, Kim Y, Bradley B, Lant T. Community knowledge, risk perception, and preparedness for the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2011;17(5):431-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182113921 PMid:21788781

Kelvin DJ, Rubino S. Fear of the novel coronavirus. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12496 PMid:32088678

Cheng C, Jun H, Liang B. Psychological health diathesis assessment system: A nationwide survey of resilient trait scale for Chinese adults. Stud Psychol Behav. 2014;12(6):735-42.

Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 PMid:32240896

Soni M, Curran VH, Kamboj SK. Identification of a narrow postovulatory window of vulnerability to distressing involuntary memories in healthy women. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013;104:32-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.003 PMid:23611942

Naushad VA, Bierens JJ, Nishan KP, Firjeeth CP, Mohammad OH, Maliyakkal AM, et al. A systematic review of the impact of disaster on the mental health of medical responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(6):632-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004874 PMid:31625487

World Health Organization. Mental Health and COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/mental-health-andcovid-19. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 20].

Liang L, Ren H, Cao R, Hu Y, Qin Z, Li C, et al. The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(3):841-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3 PMid:32319041

Gómez-Salgado J, Andrés-Villas M, Domínguez-Salas S, Díaz-Milanés D, Ruiz-Frutos C. Related health factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113947 PMid:32498401

Brown A, Arnholz J. COVID-19 Jobless Rates will be Comparable to Great Depression: Trump Economic Adviser, Kevin Hassett, the President’s Economic Adviser, Appeared on ABC’s “This Week”; 2020. Available from: https://www.abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/covid-19-jobless-rates-comparable-greatdepression-trump/story?id=70348765. [Last accessed on 2020 Apr 26].

Lippi G, Henry BM, Bovo C, Sanchis-Gomar F. Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis (Berl). 2020;7(2):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0041 PMid:32267243

Harris JL, Bargh JA. Television viewing and unhealthy diet: Implications for children and media interventions. Health Commun. 2009;24(7):660-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230903242267 PMid:20183373

Bélair MA, Kohen DE, Kingsbury M, Colman I. Relationship between leisure time physical activity, sedentary behaviour and symptoms of depression and anxiety: Evidence from a population-based sample of Canadian adolescents. BMJ Open. 2018;8(10):e021119. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021119 PMid:30337306

Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 PMid:32325383

Gleeson M, Nieman DC, Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(1):115-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140590 PMid:14971437

Macht M. How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite. 2008;50(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002 PMid:17707947

Schwarzer R, Hallum S. Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Appl Psychol. 2008;57(s1):152-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00359.x

Barofsky I, Erickson P, Eberhardt M. Comparison of a single global item and an index of a multi-item health status measure among persons with and without diabetes in the US. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(10):1671-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-0258-4 PMid:15651538

Rubin GJ, Amlôt R, Page L, Wessely S. Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ. 2009;339:b2651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651 PMid:19574308

Shahin MA. Compliance with hand hygiene among health care providers: Effects of a six sigma improvement project. Int J Public Health Clin Sci. 2018;5(3):112-24.

Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3 PMid:32213320

Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and Italy: What next? Lancet. 2020;395:1225-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9 PMid:32178769

Bish A, Michie S. Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. Br J Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826 PMid:20109274

Barr M, Raphael B, Taylor M, Stevens G, Jorm L, Giffin M, et al. Pandemic influenza in Australia: using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8(1):117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-8-117 PMid:18793441

Eastwood K, Durrheim D, Francis JL, d’Espaignet ET, Duncan S, Islam F, et al. Knowledge about pandemic influenza and compliance with containment measures among Australians. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87:588-94. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.060772 PMid:19705008

Lau JT, Kim JH, Tsui HY, Griffiths S. Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated humanto-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-18 PMid:17359545

Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381 PMid:32244498

Thomasson P, Psouni E. Social anxiety and related social impairment are linked to self-efficacy and dysfunctional coping. Scand J Psychol. 2010;51(2):171-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00731.x PMid:19500297

Muris P. Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Pers Individ Dif. 2002;32(2):337-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027-7

Singh AP, Shukla A, Singh PA. Perceived self efficacy and mental health among elderly. Delhi Psychiatry J. 2010;13(2):314-21.

Gaudiano BA, Herbert JD. Self-efficacy for social situations in adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2007;35(2):209-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465806003377

Downloads

Published

2020-10-22

How to Cite

1.
Hussien R, Shahin MAH. Coronavirus Disease-19 Quarantine Experience in the Middle East Region: Emotional Status, Health Patterns, and Self-efficacy Survey. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet]. 2020 Oct. 22 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];8(T1):330-45. Available from: https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/5256