Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Strategies of Coronavirus COVID 19 in Iran: A Systematic Review

Monireh Rezaee Moradali; Masoumeh Simbar; Sahar Roozbahani; Fatemeh Yahyavi Koochaksaraei; Pooya Hosseinzadeh; Morad Ali Zareipour; Fatemeh Bayat; Maryam Amighi; Hadis Shahrahmani

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.5479

Authors

Monireh Rezaee Moradali Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Masoumeh Simbar Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sahar Roozbahani Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fatemeh Yahyavi Koochaksaraei Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pooya Hosseinzadeh Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
Morad Ali Zareipour Health System Research Unit, Health Center of Urmia, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Fatemeh Bayat Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Amighi Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hadis Shahrahmani Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5479

Keywords:

Coronavirus disease-19, Coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, MERSC, Prevention, Prevalence, Control

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Following the announcement of the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 as a global and emergency state of international health emergency; posing a serious threat to the physical health and lives of individuals transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. The virus causes respiratory symptoms and damages to other organs, sometimes leading to death in case of exacerbation of symptoms.

AIM: This study was conducted through reviewing various articles related to COVID-19 disease, with the purpose of reviewing the epidemiology, prevention and control strategies of COVID-19 coronavirus in Iran.

METHODS: In the present review study, the articles indexing in the Persian and Latin databases of SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, MedRxiv, and WHO were examined based on MESH keywords. Finally, 38 articles, 5 protocols and reports were reviewed.

RESULTS: According to the report of the WHO on July 22, 2020, 14,765,256 people worldwide have been infected and 612,054 people have died of this virus. Moreover, in Iran, according to the WHO report, 278,827 people were infected and 14,634 people died of the virus until July 22, 2020. Respiratory droplets are the main way of transmission and it can also be transmitted through close contact. According to research, 51% of patients with chronic disease show symptoms such as fever (83%), cough (82%), shortness of breath (31%), muscle pain (11%), fatigue (9%), headache (8%), sore throat (5%), had rhinorrhea (4%), chest pain (2%), diarrhea (2%), and nausea and vomiting (1%). There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and clinical treatment for COVID-19 has so far been limited to prophylaxis and palliative care. Quarantine alone is not enough to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Basic health measurements to prevent the spread of the disease include frequent handwashing and the use of personal protective equipment such as masks.

CONCLUSION: Extensive research can be the key to solve the existing challenges in the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. The best ways to fight the new corona disease include educating the people, providing accurate information, providing personal protective equipment, canceling meetings and emphasizing citizens homeliving and regular handwashing, observing social distancing, and finally identifying suspicious cases and quarantine.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. PMid:31978945

Tan W, Zhao X, Ma X, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W, et al. A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases-Wuhan, China 2019. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(4):61-2. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.017

Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39:101132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132 PMid:32379667

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 PMid:32007143

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 22].

Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678 PMid:31950516

Wu YC, Chen CS, Chan YJ. The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020;83(3):217. PMid:32134861

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. PMid:31995857

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585 PMid:32031570

Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1518-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054 PMid:32142785

Miri SM, Roozbeh F, Omranirad A, Alavian SM. Panic of buying toilet papers: A historical memory or a horrible truth? Systematic Review of Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19. Hepat Mon. 2020;20(3):e102729. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.102729

Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: Experts’ consensus statement. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):223-31. PMid:32034659

Shen KL, Yang YH. Diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: A pressing issue. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):219-21. PMid:32026147

National Health Commission. NHS Press Conference 2020. Beijing, China: National Health Commission (NHC) of the People’s Republic of China. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/xwbd/202002/235990d202056cfcb202043f202004a202070d202007f209703b202113c202000.shtml. [Last accessed on 2020 June 20].

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5

World Health Organization. Q&A on Coronaviruses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

Chen X, Shang Y, Yao S, Liu R, Liu H. Perioperative care provider’s considerations in managing patients with the COVID-19 infections. Transl Perioper Pain Med. 2020;7:216-24. https://doi.org/10.31480/2330-4871/116

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, et al. COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0 PMid:32192578

Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25748 PMid:32134116

Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: A scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x PMid:32183901

Pandey KR, Subedee A, Khanal B, Koirala B. COVID-19 Control Strategies and Intervention Effects in Resource Limited Settings: A Modeling Study. Available from: http://www.medrxiv.org. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 27]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.26.20079673

Samadipour E. Factors Influencing Iranians’ Risk Perception of Covid-19. Available from: http://www.militarymedj.ir/browse.php?a_id=2483&sid=1&slc_lang=en&ftxt=1. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 27].

Zareipour MA, Kalejahi JN. The role of social participation in controlling and preventing of coronavirus 2019 disease in Iran. J Med Sci. 2020;8(T1):134-6.

Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FH. Pandemic fear and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008 PMid:32267343

Lupia T, Scabini S, Pinna SM, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019-novel coronavirus outbreak: A new challenge. J Global Antimicrob Resist. 2020;21:22-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.021

Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281-6. PMid:32166607

Sahin AR, Erdogan A, Agaoglu PM, Dineri Y, Cakirci AY, Senel ME, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A review of the current literature. EJMO. 2020;4(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220

Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 Novel coronavirus: Where we are and what we know; 2020. Available from: http://www.preprints.org. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 27]. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202001.0381.v1

Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4.

Wang LS, Wang YR, Ye DW, Liu QQ. A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948

Tavakoli A, Vahdat K, Keshavarz M. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): An emerging infectious disease in the 21st century. ISMJ. 2020;22(6):432-50.

Farhoudian A, Baldacchino A, Clark N, Gerra G, Ekhtiari H, Dom G, et al. COVID-19 and substance use disorders: Recommendations to a comprehensive healthcare response. An international society of addiction medicine (ISAM) practice and policy interest group position paper. Auton Neurosci. 2020;11(2):129-46. https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1

Meo S, Alhowikan A, Al-Khlaiwi T, Meo I, Halepoto D, Iqbal M, et al. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with SARS-CoV and MERSCoV. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(4):2012-9. PMid:32141570

Rafeemanesh E, Rahimpour F, Memarzadeh M. Approaches for Covid-19 infection control in the workplaces. Occup Med. 2019;11(4):3653. https://doi.org/10.18502/tkj.v11i4.3653

Irani M. Review on the symptoms, transmission, therapeutics options and control the spread of the disease of COVID-19. Alborz Univ Med J. 2020;9(2):171-80.

Ghaderi MS, Nedae B, Abedi F, Biglari G, Mafi MH. A Review of the New 21st Century Coronavirus (novel coronavirus-2019). 2020; Navid No 23: 20-34. Spring Framework.

Hill B. Coronavirus: Origins, signs, prevention and management of patients. Br J Nurs. 2020;29(7):399-402. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.7.399 PMid:32279552

Sajed AN, Amgain K. Corona virus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and the strategy for prevention. Eur J Med Sci. 2020;2(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v2i1.38

Sajed AN, Amgain K. Corona virus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and the strategy for prevention. Eur J Med Sci. 2020;2(1): 1-3.

Chang SL, Harding N, Zachreson C, Cliff OM, Prokopenko M. Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. ArXiv Preprint arXiv:2003. Guidelines for the second step in the fight against Covid 19 in Iran.

Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Built environment considerations to reduce transmission. Msystems. 2020;5(2):e00245-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00245-20 PMid:32265315

Guidelines for the second step in the fight against Covid 19 in Iran. https://www.behdasht.gov.ir/step2corona Available from: https://www.behdasht.gov.ir/step2corona.

Lyng GD. Identifying optimal COVID-19 testing strategies for schools and businesses: Balancing testing. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):672-5.

Fang Y, Nie Y, Penny M. Transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak and effectiveness of government interventions: A data-driven analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):645-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25750 PMid:32141624

Rafeemanesh E, Ahmadi F. A Review on Recent Guidelines and Articles about Prevention of Covid-19 Infection in Dental Settings. Available from: http://www.eprints.mums.ac.ir/25629. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 28].

Roberts M, Andreasen V, Lloyd A, Pellis L. Nine challenges for deterministic epidemic models. Epidemics. 2015;10:49-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.09.006 PMid:25843383

Blackwood JC, Childs LM. An introduction to compartmental modeling for the budding infectious disease modeler. Lett Biomathematics. 2018;5(1):195-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/23737867.2018.1509026

Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):548-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722

Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:44-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004