Fighting against COVID-19 and Fighting against Stigma: A Mini-review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5490Keywords:
Covid-19, Stigma, Fearness, Social impact, Mental healthAbstract
COVID-19 is a new global disease. Over time, COVID-19 shows itself not only as a disease that causes illness, death, and economic downturn but also social impacts. In this mini-review, the authors will discuss how stigmatization has occurred following the occurrence of COVID-19 and has afflicting not only patients and their families but also medical personnel who are struggling to save those affected. It is recommended that stigmatization must be stopped because if this continues that it will worsen the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic by organizing mentoring health services for patients, providing accurate and credible information, and, at the same time, encouraging the community’s social cohesion to care for others.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.covid19.who.int. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 22].
World Health Organization. The Push for a Covid-19 Vaccine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 14].
Bagcchi S. Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):782. PMid:32592670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30498-9
Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1963.
Ahmedani BK. Mental health stigma: Society, individuals, and the profession. J Soc Work Values Ethics. 2011;8(2):41-416. PMid:22211117
World Health Organization. Media Briefing Director General. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11- march-2020. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 27]. https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u23682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U23682
Bardfam R, Zandifar A. Stigma over COVID-19; new conception beyond individual sense. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):593-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.006 PMid:32467051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.006
World Health Organization. Media Briefing Director General. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---28- feburary-2020. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 28]. https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u7971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U7971
Dwinantoaji H, Sumarni DW. Human security, social stigma, and global health: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. J Med Sci. 2020;52(3):158-65. https://doi.org/10.19106/ jmedscisi005203202014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19106/JMedSciSI005203202014
World Health Organization. A Guide to Preventing and Addressing Social Stigma Associated with COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/a-guide-to-preventing-and-addressing-social-stigma-associated-with-covid-19. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 22]. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202007.0051.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202007.0051.v1
Gudeva Nikovska D, Tozija F. Stigma associated with tuberculosis disease in republic of Macedonia-results from a cross-sectional study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2014;2(4):640-4. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2014.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2014.115
Juniarti N, Evans D. A qualitative review: The stigma of tuberculosis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(13-14):1961-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03516.x PMid:21040040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03516.x
Gosoniu GD, Ganapathy S, Kemp J, Auer C, Somma D, Karim F, et al. Gender and socio-cultural determinants of delay to diagnosis of TB in Bangladesh, India and Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(7):848-55. PMid:18544215
Pignatelli S, Simpore J, Pietra V, Ouedraogo L, Conombo G, Saleri N, et al. Factors predicting uptake of voluntary counselling and testing in a real-life setting in a mother-and-child center in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(3):350-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01564.x PMid:16553915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01564.x
Hubach RD, Dodge B, Li MJ, Schick V, Herbenick D, Ramos WD, et al. Loneliness, HIV-related stigma, and condom use among a predominantly rural sample of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS Educ Prev. 2015;27(1):72-83. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2015.27.1.72 PMid:25646731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2015.27.1.72
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNICEF, World Health Organization. A Guide to Preventing and Addressing Social Stigma Associated with COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/a-guide-to-preventing-and-addressing-social-stigma-associated-with-covid-19? [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 27]. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400090276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400090276
Ministry of Health. Kemenkes: Stigma Berkontribusi Terhadap Tingginya Angka Kematian COVID-19; 2020. Available from: https://www.covid19.go.id/p/berita/kemenkes-stigma-berkontribusi-terhadap-tingginya-angka-kematian-covid-19. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 27].
Sotgiu G, Dobler CC. Social stigma in the time of coronavirus disease 2019. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2):23-5. PMid:32631833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02461-2020
Syakriah A. For Some Indonesians, COVID-19 Stigma Worse than Disease. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post; 2020. Available from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/08/30/for-some-indonesians-covid-19-stigma-worse-than-disease.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 30].
Stockman F. What It’s Like to Come Home to the Stigma of Coronavirus. New York: The New York Times Company; 2020. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/04/us/stigma-coronavirus.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 04].
Sutrisno B. Families, Health Workers Face Stigma as Fear Overtakes Communities. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post; 2020. Available from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/29/families-health-workers-face-stigma-as-fear-overtakes-communities.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 29].
Villa S, Jaramillo E, Mangioni D, Bandera A, Gori A, Raviglione MC. Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;6:1450-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001 PMid:32777361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001
Semple K. “Afraid to Be a Nurse”: Health Workers Under Attack. New York: The New York Times; 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/world/americas/coronavirus-health-workers-attacked.html. [Last accesed on 2020 Apr 27].
Knoll C, Watkins A, Rothfeld M. I Couldn’t Do Anything’: The Virus and an E.R. Doctor’s Suicide. New york: The New York Times; 2020. Available from: Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/nyregion/lorna-breen-suicide-coronavirus.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 11].
Lamb K, Widianto S. Coronavirus Stigma Runs Deep and Dangerous in Indonesia. London: Reuters News Organization Company; 2020. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-indonesia-stigma-idUSKBN2680I7. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 17].
Moreno C, Wykes T, Galderisi S, Nordentoft M, Crossley N, Jones N, et al. How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(9):813-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30307-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30307-2
The Lancet. COVID-19: Fighting panic with information. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):537. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30379-2 PMid:32087777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30379-2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for Cleaning and Disinfecting. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/cleaning-disinfecting-decision-tool.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 14]. https://doi.org/10.1108/rr-08-2016-0213
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cleaning and Disinfection for Households. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 14]. https://doi.org/10.1108/rr-08-2016-0213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RR-08-2016-0213
World Health Organization. COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan, Country Preparedness and Response Status for COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/updated-country-preparedness-and-response-status-for-covid-19-as-of-19-march-2020. [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 29]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00240-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00240-9
Mahmud A, Islam MR. Social stigma as a barrier to Covid- 19 responses to community well-being in Bangladesh. Int J Community Well Being. 2020;10:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00071-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00071-w
Sulistiadi W, Rahayu S, Harmani N. Handling of public stigma on covid-19 in Indonesian society. Kesmas Natl Public Health J. 2020;15(2):69-75. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3909
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Sorimuda Sarumpaet, Fotarisman Zaluchu, Putri Chairani Eyanoer, Novita Hasiani Simanjuntak (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0