Stool Antigen Examination as a Diagnostic Tool for Dyspeptic Patient caused by Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Case-based Literature Review

Haifa Mayang  Lestari; Jatmiko Gustinanda; Nadzila Anindya  Tejaputri; Nur Afiahuddin Tumpu; Taris Radifan; Melva Louisa

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5568

Authors

Haifa Mayang Lestari Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Jatmiko Gustinanda Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-7157
Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Nur Afiahuddin Tumpu Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Taris Radifan Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Melva Louisa Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5568

Keywords:

Stool antigen test, Urea breath test, Helicobacter pylori

Abstract

Today, the gold standard for diagnosing H. pylori infection is by Urea Breath Test (UBT). However, UBT tests are not widely available in several remote areas in Indonesia. Stool antigen test (SAT) is an alternative diagnostic test for H. pylori infection. However, it is unclear whether the performance of the SAT to diagnose H. pylori infection can be comparable with UBT accuracy.

This report was aimed to determine the accuracy of the stool antigen test (SAT) to diagnose H. pylori infection as an alternative to the urea breath test (UBT).

Our case-based literature review indicates that the SAT has high sensitivity (79%-96.4%). Therefore stool antigen tests can help doctors in ruling out H. pylori infection. SAT also demonstrates remarkable specificity of stool antigen examination (98.6%-100%), suggesting that stool antigen tests can help doctors rule in H. pylori infection.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Koduru P, Irani M, Quigley EM. Definition, pathogenesis, and management of that cursed dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(4):467‐79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.09.002 PMid:28899670

Ozen A, Furman A, Berber M, Karatepe HO, Mutlu N, Sarıçoban HE, et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori and economic status on growth parameters and leptin, ghrelin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations in children. Helicobacter. 2011;16(1):55-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00814.x PMid:21241414

Thankachan P, Muthayya S, Sierksma A, Eilander A, Thomas T, Duchateau GS, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection does not influence the efficacy of iron and Vitamin B12 fortification in marginally nourished Indian children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(10):1101-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.126 PMid:20683455

Cherian S, Burgner DP, Cook AG, Sanfilippo FM, Forbes DA. Associations between Helicobacter pylori infection, co-morbid infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, and circulating cytokines in African children. Helicobacter. 2010;15(2):88-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00740.x PMid:20402811

Abdollahi A, Morteza A, Khalilzadeh O, Zandieh A, Asgarshirazi M. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastro-oesophageal reflux in Iranian children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2011;31(1):53-7. https://doi.org/10.1179/1465328110y.0000000004 PMid:21262110

Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Ndip LM, Clarke AM, Naidoo N, Mkwetshana N, et al. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in dyspeptic patients in the Eastern Cape Province race and disease status. S Afr Med J. 2010;100(11):734-7. https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.4041 PMid:21081026

Joutei HA, Hilali A, Fechtali T, Rhallabi N, Benomar H. Helicobacter pylori infection in 755 patients with digestive complaints: Pasteur Institute, Morocco, 1998-2007. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(7):778-82. https://doi.org/10.26719/2010.16.7.778

Hestvik E, Tylleskar T, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, Ndeezi G, Grahnquist L, Olafsdottir E, et al. Helicobacter pylori in apparently healthy children aged 0-12 years in urban Kampala, Uganda: A community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230x-10-62

Epplein M, Signorello LB, Zheng W, Peek RM, Michel A, Williams SM, et al. Race, African ancestry, and Helicobacter pylori infection in a low-income United States POpulation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(5):826-34. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1258 PMid:21357376

Syam AF, Miftahussurur M, Makmun D, Nusi IA, Zain LH, Zulkhairi, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in five largest Islands of Indonesia: A preliminary study. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0140186. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140186 PMid:26599790

Syam AF, Simadibrata M, Makmun D, Abdullah M, Fauzi A, Renaldi K, et al. National consensus on management of dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori infection. Acta Med Indones. 2017;49(3):279-87. PMid:29093241

Ferwana M. Accuracy of urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infection: Meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(4):1305-14. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1305 PMid:25632206

Miftahussurur M. Noninvasive Helicobacter pylori diagnostic methods in Indonesia. Gut Liver. 2020;14(5):553-9. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl19264 PMid:31693853

Hooton C, Keohane J, Clair J, Azam M. O’Mahony S, Crosbie O, et al. comparison of three stol antigen assays with the 13C-urea breath test for the primary diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and monitoring treatment outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(6):595-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200606000-00004 PMid:16702847

Chen MJ, Fang YJ, Wu MS, Chen CC, Chen YN. Application of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test to survey the updated prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;35(2):233-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14828 PMid:31408909

Braden B, Posselt HG, Ahrens P, Kitz R, Dietrich CF, Caspary WF. New immunoassay in stool provides an accurate non-invasive diagnostic method for Helicobacter pylori screening in children. Pediatrics. 2000;106:115-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)84138-4 PMid:10878159

Chey WD, Wong BC. American college of gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(8):1808-25. PMid:17608775

Avisiena A, Nusi IA, Maimunah U, Rahaju AS, Setiawan PB, Purbayu H, et al. Diagnostic values of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen immunochromatographic method compared to histopatholgy in dyspepsia patient. New Armen Med J. 2019;3(1):13-9.

Syam AF. Current situation of Helicobacter pylori infection in Indonesia. Med J Indones. 2016;25(4):263-6.