Determinant of Smoking Behavior among Elementary Student in Indonesia: A Structure Equation Model

Astrid Novita Haryanto; Melinda Noer; Agustin Kusumayati; Rizanda Machmud; Muhammad Hafizurrachman; Adang Bachtiar

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5739

Authors

Astrid Novita Haryanto Student of Doctoral Program of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Indonesia Maju School of Health Science, Jakarta, Indonesia
Melinda Noer Department of Socioeconomic Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Agustin Kusumayati Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
Rizanda Machmud Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Muhammad Hafizurrachman Department of Public Health, Indonesia Maju School of Health Science, Jakarta, Indonesia
Adang Bachtiar Department of Public Health, Indonesia Maju School of Health Science, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5739

Keywords:

Adolescents, Elementary student, Smoking, Theory of plan behavior

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Initial smoking exposure may occur during early adolescence (aged 10 to 12 years old), and it increases over time. Although several factors for smoking behaviors exist among adolescents, there is few studies address determinant of smoking behavior by adding others variables in theory of plan behavior such as smoking refusal skills, self-regulation, parenting, family function, environment, and culture.

AIM:The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the determinant of smoking behavior among elementary student in Indonesia using a structural equation model.

METHOD:A cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to October 2019 in West Java, Indonesia. For each school, students were selected using a systematic random sampling. technique. The study included girls and boys ages 10-12. The consent was obtained by the parent or guardian. Structural equation modelling was used for analysis.

RESULTS:The mean age was 10.56 years (SD= 0.37). About 28.6% of them were currently smoking with aged of first use was 10.02 (SD=0.19). more than half (56%) of their family were currently smoking too and friend smoking was 41.7%. The final model accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance of intention and smoking behaviour, respectivelyhas both direct and indirect effect through empowerment on self-care behaviors toward pregnancy-related complication.
CONCLUSION:The present study was intended to expand the theory of planned behavior by including additional variables in its model: smoking refusal skills, self-regulation, parenting, family function, environment, and culture. This study also provides a significant contribute for clinical a practice and policy maker as a basic data to establish future intervention to promote no tobacco use among elementary student to achieve optimal well-being to prevent a fatal disease.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

World Health Organization. Tobacco: Key Facts. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. p. 1. Available from: https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. [Last accessed on 2019 Aug 20].

Kemenkes RI. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2019.

Tapera R, Mbongwe B, Mhaka-Mutepfa M, Lord A, Phaladze NA, Zetola NM. The theory of planned behavior as a behavior change model for tobacco control strategies among adolescents in Botswana. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0233462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233462 PMid:32502211

Rodríguez O, Vázquez, R. Psychosocial risk factors for adolescent smoking: A school-based study. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2011;11:23-33. 5. Rohmat R. Family and parenting patterns. Stud Gend Anak. 2010;5(1):35-46.

Szapocznik J, Prado G, Burlew AK, Williams RA, Santisteban DA. Drug abuse in African American and Hispanic adolescents: Culture, development, and behavior. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2007;3:77-105. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091408 PMid:17716049

Loke AY, Mak Y. Family process and peer influences on substance use by adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(9):3868-85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10093868 PMid:23985772

Allem JP, Soto DW, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Sussman S, Unger JB. Cultural and social influences on adolescent smoking dissipate by emerging adulthood among Hispanics in Southern California. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(1):192-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9910-9 PMid:24057805

Seo DC, Huang Y. Systematic review of social network analysis in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior. J Sch Health. 2012;82(1):21-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00663.x PMid:22142171

Ayubi E, Sani M, Safiri S, Morasae EK, Almasi-Hashiani A, Nazarzadeh M. Socioeconomic determinants of inequality in smoking stages: A distributive analysis on a sample of male high school students. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(4):1162-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315585822 PMid:26008735

van Loon AJ, Tijhuis M, Surtees PG, Ormel J. Determinants of smoking status: Cross-sectional data on smoking initiation and cessation. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(3):256-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki077 PMid:15923210

Elshatarat RA, Yacoub MI, Khraim FM, Saleh ZT, Afaneh TR. Self-efficacy in treating tobacco use: A review article. Proc Singapore Healthc. 2016;25(4):243-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2010105816667137

Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;5:179-211.

Symons D, Hausenblas H. The theories of reasoned action and planned behavior applied to exercise: A meta-analytic update. Phys Act Health. 2005;2:76-97. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2.1.76

Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. MPR Online. 2003;8:23-74.

Ejaz R, Salaria SM, Bukhari MH, Dar SA, Ahmed A, Ejaz U, et al. Rising trends of smoking in elementary students. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2015;9:48-50.

Suat K, Hikmet C, Nalbant A, Bilgin C. Smoking prevalence among elementary school-age children in Sirnak province in Turkey. Biomed Res. 2017;28:5054-7.

Lakon CM, Hipp JR, Timberlake DS. The social context of adolescent smoking: A systems perspective. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(7):1218-28. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.167973 PMid:20466966

West R. Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health. 2017;32(8):1018-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890 PMid:28553727

Karimy M, Zareban I, Araban M, Montazeri A. An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) Used to predict smoking behavior among a sample of Iranian medical students. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):e24715. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.24715 PMid:26495261

Padin AC, Emery CF, Vasey M, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Self-regulation and implicit attitudes toward physical activity influence exercise behavior. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2017;39(4):237-48. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0056 PMid:28937320

Ryan, P. Integrated theory of health behavior change: Background and intervention development. Clin Nurse Spec. 2009;23(3):161-70; quiz 171-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0b013e3181a42373 PMid:19395894

Vinothkumar M, Subramanian S. Self-efficacy, attitude and subjective norms as predictors of youth’s intention to enlist in defence services. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol. 2016;42(2):310-9.

Wachs S, Görzig A, Wright MF, Schubarth W, Bilz L. Associations among adolescents’ relationships with parents, peers, and teachers, self-efficacy, and willingness to intervene in bullying: A social cognitive approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020420 PMid:31936333

Armum P, Chellappan K. Social and emotional self-efficacy of adolescents: Measured and analysed interdependencies within and across academic achievement level. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2016;21(3):279-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2015.106 7894

Shi Y, Ehlers S, Warner DO. The theory of planned behavior as applied to preoperative smoking abstinence. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103064 PMid:25057969

Minnix JA, Blalock JA, Marani S, Prokhorov AV, Cinciripini PM. Self-efficacy mediates the effect of depression on smoking susceptibility in adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(8):699- 705. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr061 PMid:21482619

Norman P, Conner M, Bell R. The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 1999;18(1):89-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.18.1.89 PMid:9925050