Benzene Exposure Analysis through S-Phenylmercapturic Acid in Urine at Platelet Levels in Footwear Workers in Sukajaya Village, Bogor Regency

Siti Norjannah; Ririn Arminsih Wulandari; Al Asyary

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5783

Authors

Siti Norjannah Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Ririn Arminsih Wulandari Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Al Asyary Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5783

Keywords:

benzene, S-phenylmercapturic acid, platelets, footwear workers

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Benzene is a toxic and carcinogenic compound whose presence in glue is endangering the health of workers in footwear workshops. One of its negative effects is its disruption of the bone marrow, which is where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of benzene exposure with platelet levels in workers through examination of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) concentrations in urine.

METHODS: The design of the study was cross sectional, with 73 workers used as samples. The concentration of S-PMA was measured using Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry and platelet counts using an automated hematology analyzer. Direct interview was used to retrieve workers’ individual characteristics.

RESULTS: The results showed an odds ratio (OR) value of 2.28 for correlation between S-PMA concentration and platelet levels. The results also showed an OR value of 1.58 for correlation between non-routine exercise habits and platelet levels and an OR value of 1.78 for correlation between alcohol consumption and platelet levels. Multivariable logistic regression test results showed an OR of 2.59 for workers with S-PMA concentration (>0.67 μg/g creatinine) on platelet counts after controlling for the variables of age and alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION: The study’s main recommendation is that information about the dangers of benzene in glue to health and how to avoid it should be disseminated to prevent benzene exposure.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Permana SH. Increasing the National Footwear/Footwear Industry, Bul APBN; 2017. Available from: http://www.berkas. dpr.go.id/puskajianggaran/buletin-apbn/public-file/buletin-apbn-public-32.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 12]. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i4.268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i4.268

Susilowati B. Health Risks to Benzene Exposure to Leather Shoe Industry Workers in Pulogadung PIK in 2011, Thesis. Indonesia: Universitas Indonesia; 2011. Available from: http://www.lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20288851-s-betty susilowati.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 21].

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2007. p. 438. Available from: http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 01]. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963855.n24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963855.n24

Arnold SM, Angerer J, Boogaard PJ, Hughes MF, O’Lone RB, Robison SH, et al. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: Benzene case study. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013;43(2):119-53. Available from: http://www. tandfonline.com. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 10]. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.756455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.756455

Mehta A, Hoffbrand V. In: Safitri A, Astikawati R, editors. At a Glance Hematologi. Jakarta: Erlangga; 2006.

Guyton, Hall JE. In: Irawati, Ramadani D, Indriyani F, editors. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2006.

Arrazy S. Analysis Association S-Phenylmercapturic Acid as Benzene Metabolite with Malondialdehyde Level on Shoe Factory Worker in Centers Shoe Industry Cibaduyut in 2016, Thesis. Indonesia: Universitas Indonesia; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031

Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, Colombi A, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, et al. Urinary t, t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure. Chem Biol Interact. 2005;153-154:253-6. PMid:15935823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031

ATSDR, Benzene; 2007. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc. gov/hec/csem/benzene/docs/benzene.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 20].

Ferdous F, Scott T. A comparative examination of thrombocyte/ platelet immunity. Immunol Lett. 2015;163(1):32-9. PMid:25448707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.010

Mahawati E, Suhartono S, Nurjazuli N. The correlation between phenol urine concentration, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte, thrombocyte and leucocyte (Case study in workers of Carosery Centre industry CV Laksana Semarang). J Kesehat Lingkung. 2006;5(1):45. Available from: https://www.media. neliti.com/media/publications/4834-id-hubungan-antara-kadar-fenol-dalam-urin-dengan-kadar-hb-eritrosit-trombosit-dan-l.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 05].

Avogbe PH, Ayi-fanou L, Cachon B, Chabi N, Debende A, Dewaele D, et al. Hematological changes among Beninese motor-bike taxi drivers exposed to benzene by urban air pollution. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2011;5(7):464-72. https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n2p39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n2p39

Marck RE, Montagne HL, Tuinebreijer WE, Breederveld RS. Time course of thrombocytes in burn patients and its predictive value for outcome. Burns. 2013;39(4):714-22. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.015 PMid:23490002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.015

Moro AM, Brucker N, Charão MF, Sauer E, Freitas F, Durgante J, et al. Early hematological and immunological alterations in gasoline station attendants exposed to benzene. Environ Res. 2015;137:349-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.11.003 PMid:25601738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.11.003

Dosemeci M, Yin SN, Linet M, Wacholder S, Rothman N, Li GL, et al. Indirect validation of benzene exposure assessment by association with benzene poisoning. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104 Suppl 6:1343-7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3433188 PMid:9118918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3433188

Samocha-Bonet D, Justo D, Rogowski O, Saar N, Abu- Abeid S, Shenkerman G, et al. Platelet counts and platelet activation markers in obese subjects. Mediators Inflamm. 2008;2008:834153. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/834153 PMid:18385810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/834153

Belviranli M, Okudan N, Kabak B. The effects of acute high-intensity interval training on hematological parameters in sedentary subjects. Med Sci (Basel). 2017;5(3):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci5030015 PMid:29099031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci5030015

Pamukcu B, Oflaz H, Onur I, Cimen A, Nisanci Y. Effect of cigarette smoking on platelet aggregation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011;17(6):E175-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029610394440 PMid:21406413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029610394440

Oke OT, Samuel O, Adedire OA, Adewuyi IK, Adeyanju OA, Oludayo G. Effect of alcohol consumption on platelets count, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. Greener J Med Sci. 2013;3:289-93. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjms.2013.8.052813643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2013.8.052813643

Paplicki M, Susło R, Dopierała K, Drobnik J. Systemic aspects of securing the health safety of the elderly. Family Med Prim Care Rev. 2018;20(3):267-70. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2018.78272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2018.78272