Determinant of Smoking Behavior among Elementary Student in Indonesia: A Structure Equation Model

Astrid Novita  Haryanto; Melinda Noer; Agustin Kusumayati; Rizanda Machmud; Hafizurrachman Hafizurrachman; Adang  Bachtiar

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5833

Authors

Astrid Novita Haryanto Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Indonesia Maju School of Health Science, Jakarta, Indonesia
Melinda Noer Department ofSocioeconomic Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Agustin Kusumayati Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
Rizanda Machmud Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Hafizurrachman Hafizurrachman Department of Public Health, Indonesia Maju School of Health Science, Jakarta, Indonesia
Adang Bachtiar Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5833

Keywords:

Adolescents, Elementary student, Smoking, Theory of plan behavior

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Initial smoking exposure may occur during early adolescence (aged 10–12 years old), and it increases overtime. Although several factors for smoking behaviors exist among adolescents, there are few studies address determinant of smoking behavior by adding others variables in theory of plan behavior such as smoking refusal skills, self-regulation, parenting, family function, environment, and culture.

AIM: The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the determinant of smoking behavior among elementary student in Indonesia using a structural equation model.

METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to October 2019 in West Java, Indonesia. For each school, students were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. The study included girls and boys ages 10–12. The consent was obtained by the parent or guardian. Structural equation modeling was used for analysis.

RESULTS: The mean age was 10.56 years (SD = 0.37). About 28.6% of them were currently smoking with aged of first use was 10.02 (SD = 0.19). More than half (56%) of their family were currently smoking too and friend smoking was 41.7%. The final model accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance of intention and smoking behavior, respectively, has both direct and indirect effects through empowerment on self-care behaviors toward pregnancy-related complication.

CONCLUSION: The present study was intended to expand the theory of planned behavior by including additional variables in its model: Smoking refusal skills, self-regulation, parenting, family function, environment, and culture. This study also provides a significant contribute for clinical a practice and policy-maker as a basic data to establish future intervention to promote no tobacco use among elementary student to achieve optimal well-being to prevent a fatal disease.

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