Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5846Keywords:
acute kidney injury, AKI, COVID-19, risk factorAbstract
BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has high incidence and mortality. Risk factors for AKI in COVID-19 patients are not well explored. This systematic review provides a combination of available evidence regarding risk factors of AKI in COVID-19 patients.
METHODS: A systematic research was performed in Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ScienceDirect journal databases from 2019 to August 2020. The study selection process was plotted using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses flow diagram.
RESULTS: Out of 553 studies found, four full-text studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative analysis. There are 2205 COVID-19 patients with AKI (36.44%) from 6051 COVID-19 patients. Age was a risk factors for AKI in two studies (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 [p < 0.001], OR 1.03 [p < 0.007]). Critical condition of patient is risk factors for AKI (OR 8.155 [p = 0.006]). Hirsch et al. stated that diabetes mellitus (OR 1.74 [p < 0.001]), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.48 [p < 0.001]), and hypertension (OR 1.25 [p = 0.02]) are also risk factors. Laboratory results such as elevated procalcitonin (PCT) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 showed positive association to AKI in COVID-19 patients (OR 4.822 [p = 0.037]; OR 13.451 [p = 0.016]). A higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at admission is one of the risk factors (OR 1.498 [p = 0.027]).
CONCLUSION: Demographics, clinical classification of COVID-19, comorbidities, SOFA score, PCT, and eGFR can help clinicians predict AKI in COVID-19 patients.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Taher A, Alalwan AA, Naser N, Alsegai O, Alaradi A. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 pneumonia: A single-center experience in Bahrain. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9693. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9693x PMid:32802627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9693
Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019: A multicenter study. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(4):612-22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509517 PMid:32712607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000509517
Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Marianna M, et al. Incidence, risk factors and mortality outcome in patients with acute kidney injury COVID-19: A single-center observational study. Nephrology. 2020;2020:20138230.
Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with and without COVID-19: A comparison study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145-57. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020040509 PMid:32669322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020040509
Fominskiy EV, Scandroglio AM, Monti G, Calabrò MG, Landoni G, Dell’Acqua A, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif. 2021;50(1):102-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508657 PMid:32659757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000508657
Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Renal complications in COVID- 19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2020;52(7):345-53. PMid:32643418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1790643
Robbins-Juarez SY, Qian L, King KL, Stevens JS, Husain SA, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(8):1149-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.013 PMid:32775814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.013
Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. PMid:27733354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919
International Society of Nephrology. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1-138.
Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury and its effect on mortality in patients hospitalized from Covid-19. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(6):687- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.07.003 PMid:32838205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.07.003
Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al. Identify the risk factors of COVID-19-related acute kidney injury: A single-center. Retrospective cohort study. Front Med. 2020;7:436. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00436 PMid:32850917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00436
Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-18. PMid:32416116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.006
Schiffl H. Gender differences in the susceptibility of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: More questions than answers. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020;52(10):1911-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02526-7 PMid:32661623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02526-7
Kang KP, Lee JE, Lee AS, Jung YJ, Kim D, Lee S, et al. Effect of gender differences on the regulation of renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation in mice. Mol Med Rep. 2014;9(6):2061-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2089 PMid:24682292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2089
Grams ME, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Estrella MM, Foster MC, Tin A, et al. Explaining the racial difference in AKI incidence. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(8):1834-41. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2013080867 PMid:24722442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013080867
Grigorian A, Gabriel V, Nguyen NT, Smith BR, Schubl S, Borazjani B, et al. Black race and body mass index are risk factors for rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in trauma. J Invest Surg. 2020;33(3):283-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2018.1493162 PMid:30212225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2018.1493162
Hu J, Nelson DA, Deuster PA, Marks ES, O’Connor FG, Kurina LM. Sickle cell trait and renal disease among African American U.S. Army soldiers. Br J Haematol. 2019;185(3):532- 40. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15820 PMid:30859563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15820
Yokota LG, Sampaio B, Rocha EP, Balbi A, Prado IS, Ponce D. Acute kidney injury in elderly patients: Narrative review on incidence, risk factors, and mortality. Int J Nephrol Renov Dis. 2018;11:217-24. PMid:30147352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S170203
Chao CT, Tsai HB, Lin YF, Ko WJ. Acute kidney injury in the elderly: Only the tip of the iceberg. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;5(1):7-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2013.04.002
McCullough PA. Cardiorenal syndromes: Pathophysiology to prevention. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:762590. PMid:21151537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/762590
Shibata S, Arima H, Asayama K, Hoshide S, Ichihara A, Ishimitsu T, et al. Hypertension and related diseases in the era of COVID-19: A report from the Japanese society of hypertension task force on COVID-19. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(10):1028-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0515-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0515-0
Belayev LY, Palevsky PM. The link between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(2):149-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000441051.36783.f3 PMId:24384553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000441051.36783.f3
Hsu RK, Hsu C. The role of acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36(4):283-92. PMid:27475659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.005
An PJ, Zhu YZ, Yang LP. Biochemical indicators of coronavirus disease 2019 exacerbation and the clinical implications. Pharmacol Res. 2020;159:104946. PMid:32450346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104946
Huang MJ, Wei RB, Su TY, Wang Y, Li QP, Yang X, et al. Impact of acute kidney injury on coagulation in adult minimal change nephropathy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(46):e5366. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000005366 PMid:27861367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005366
Batlle D, Soler MJ, Sparks MA, Hiremath S, South AM, Welling PA, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: Emerging evidence of a distinct pathophysiology. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(7):1380-3. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020040419 PMid:32366514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020040419
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Dian Daniella, Yenny Kandarini, Gede Wira Mahadita (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
