Psychometric Properties of Iranian Version of Emotional Processing Scale

Shirali Kharamin; Ali Asghar Shokraeezadeh; Yasaman Ghafaryan Shirazi; Mohammad Malekzadeh

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5902

Authors

Shirali Kharamin Department of Clinical Psychology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Ali Asghar Shokraeezadeh Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad university of Marvedasht, Marvdasht, Iran
Yasaman Ghafaryan Shirazi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Mohammad Malekzadeh Department of Health Psychology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5902

Keywords:

Emotional processing, psychometric properties, validity, Iranian version

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Emotional processing scale (EPS) is a fundamental test for measurement of the abnormal processing of emotion and psychosomatic disorders in psychotherapy sessions. Despite its importance, EPS has not been yet translated and validated in the Iranian population.

AIM: To fill this gap, this study aims to adapt and examined the psychometric properties of five EPS in the Iranian population. Using cluster sampling, we selected 1283 university students.

METHODS: The structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis used to analyze the assessment of validity.

RESULTS: The result showed the Cronbach’s alpha, split half, and test re-test reliability in acceptable ranges; 0.91, 0.90, and 0.91, respectively, for total scores scale. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, goodness of fit, and comparative fit index were at an acceptable range, 0.07, 0.05, 0.90, 0.90, 0.89, and 0.85, respectively. The total scores of EPS also showed a positive correlation (0.63, p < 0.001) with GHQ 28.

CONCLUSION: The result suggested that five factors model of EPS which includes: The suppression, sign of unprocessed emotion, unregulated emotion, avoidance, and impoverished emotional experience model fit the data well be most appropriated for Iranian population.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Rachman S. Emotional processing. Behav Res Ther. 1980;18(1):51-60. PMid:7369988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8

Kharamin S, Malekzadeh M Aria A, Ashraf H, Shirazi HR. Emotional processing in patients with ischemic heart diseases. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(9):1627-32. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.325 PMid:30337977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.325

Rachman S. Unwanted intrusive images in obsessive compulsive disorders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2007;38(4):402-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.008 PMid:18054779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.008

Reid R, Casat CD, Norton HJ, Anastopoulos AD, Temple EP. Using behavior rating scales for ADHD across ethnic groups: The IOWA conners. J Emot Behav Disord. 2001;9(4):210-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660100900401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660100900401

Baker R, Holloway J, Thomas PW, Thomas S, Owens M. Emotional processing and panic. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(11):1271-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.09.002 PMid:15381438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.09.002

Hunt MG. The only way out is through: Emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(4):361-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00017-5 PMid:9670599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00017-5

Teasdale JD. Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37 Suppl 1:S53-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00050-9 PMid:10402696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00050-9

Brosschot JF, Aarsse HR. Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibromyalgia. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2001;31(2):127-46. https://doi.org/10.2190/ k7au-9ux9-w8bw-tetl PMid:11760858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/K7AU-9UX9-W8BW-TETL

Brooks SK, Chalder T, Rimes KA. Chronic fatigue syndrome: Cognitive, behavioural and emotional processing vulnerability factors. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2017;45(2):156-69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000631 PMid:28098051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000631

Rimes KA, Ashcroft J, Bryan L, Chalder T. Emotional suppression in chronic fatigue syndrome: Experimental study. Health Psychol. 2016;35(9):979-86. https://doi.org/10.1037/ hea0000341 PMid:27183308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000341

Keefe FJ, Lumley M, Anderson T, Lynch T, Studts JL, Carson KL. Pain and emotion: New research directions. J Clin Psychol. 2001;57(4):587-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1030 PMid:11255208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1030

Mayall C, Esteves J. Emotional processing and its contribution to chronic lower back pain-a pilot study. In: Platform Presentation at International Conference on Advances in Osteopathic Research, Italian College of Osteopathic Medicine; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2010.07.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2010.07.006

Porcelli P, Zaka S, Leoci C, Centonze S, Taylor GJ. Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease. A case-control study. Psychother Psychosom. 1995;64(1):49-53. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288990 PMid:7480583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000288990

Verissimo R, Mota-Cardoso R, Taylor G. Relationships between alexithymia, emotional control, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Psychother Psychosom. 1998;67(2):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1159/000012263 PMid:9556198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000012263

Mazaheri M, Afshar H, Weinland S, Mohammadi N, Adibi P. Alexithymia and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Med Arh. 2012;66(1):28-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2012.66.28-32

Porcelli P, Bagby MR, Taylor GJ, De Carne M, Leandro G, Todarello O. Alexithymia as predictor of treatment outcome in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(5):911-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000089064.13681.3b PMid:14508040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000089064.13681.3B

Lothian S. Emotional Processing Deficits in Colorectal Cancer: A Theoretical Overview and Empirical Investigation; 2004.

Weihs KL, Enright TM, Simmens SJ. Close relationships and emotional processing predict decreased mortality in women with breast cancer: Preliminary evidence. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(1):117-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e31815c25cf PMid:18158376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815c25cf

Bahremand M, Alikhani M, Zakiei A, Janjani P, Aghei A. Emotion risk-factor in patients with cardiac diseases: The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, positive affect and negative affect (a case-control study). Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(1):173-9. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p173 PMid:26234976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p173

Gremigni P, Santanastaso M. The emotional processing scale in Italy. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health and Disease. The Netherlands: Tilburg; 2007.

Gay MC, Bungener C, Thomas S, Vrignaud P, Thomas PW, Baker R, et al. Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-017-0803-8 PMid:28231828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-017-0803-8

Greenberg LS, Pascual-Leone A. Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly research review. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(5):611- 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20252 PMid:16523500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20252

Pascual-Leone A, Greenberg LS. Emotional processing in experiential therapy: Why the only way out is through. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(6):875-87. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.6.875 PMid:18085905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.875

Pos AE, Greenberg LS, Goldman RN, Korman LM. Emotional processing during experiential treatment of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(6):1007-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1007 PMid:14622076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.1007

Watson JC, Bedard DL. Clients’ emotional processing in psychotherapy: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral and process-experiential therapies. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(1):152-9. PMid:16551152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.152

Baker R, Thomas S, Thomas PW, Owens M. Development of an emotional processing scale. J Psychosom Res 2007;62(2):167-78. PMid:17270575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.005

Baker R, Thomas S, Thomas PW, Gower P, Santonastaso M, Whittlesea A. The emotional processing scale: Scale refinement and abridgement (EPS-25). J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(1):83- 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.007 PMid:20004304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.007

Baker R, Thomas S, Thomas PW, Gower P, Whittlesea A. Emotional Processing Research. Information Booklet; 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t12358-000

Yogo M, Ohiro H. Emotional processing developments in Japan. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health and Disease. The Netherlands: Tilburg; 2007.

Fantuzzo J, Grim S, Mordell M, McDermott P, Miller L, Coolahan K. A multivariate analysis of the revised Conners’ teacher rating scale with low-income, urban preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29(2):141-52. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005236113655 PMid:11321629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005236113655

Geisinger KF. Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(4):304. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304

Song J, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Cheon KA, Hong HJ, Kim YK, et al. Cross-cultural aspect of behavior assessment system for children-2, parent rating scale-child: Standardization in Korean children. Yonsei Med J. 2017;58(2):439-48. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.439 PMid:28120577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.439

Goldberg DP. The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. London: Oxford University Press; 1972.

Borsa JC, Damásio BF, Bandeira DR. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia. 2012;22(53):423-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000300014

World Health Organization, Process of Translation and Adaptation of Instruments; 2021. Available from: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en. [Last accessed on 2020 May 15].

Dantas OM, Ximenes RA, Albuquerque MF, Montarroyos UR, de Souza WV, Varejão P, et al. Selection bias: Neighbourhood controls and controls selected from those presenting to a Health Unit in a case control study of efficacy of BCG revaccination. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-11 PMid:17319942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-11

Jöreskog K, Sörbom D. LISREL 8.80 for Windows (Version 8.8) [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.; 2006.

Bah S. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS for Windows: Advanced Techniques for Beginners, JSTOR; 2001.

Gravetter FJ, Wallnau LB. Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. United States: Cengage Learning; 2020.

Trochim WM, Donnelly JP. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Vol. 2. Cincinnati, Ohio: Atomic Dog Publishing; 2001.

Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory 3E. United States: Tata McGraw-Hill Education; 1994.

Kline P. The Handbook of Psychological Testing. United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2000.

Cortina JM. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. J Appl Psychol. 1993;78(1):98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98

Streiner DL. Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. J Pers Assess. 2003;80(1):99-103. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_18 PMid:12584072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18

MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(2):130. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130

Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774762

Diamantopoulos A, Siguaw JA, Siguaw JA. Introducing LISREL: A Guide for the Uninitiated. United States: Sage; 2000. https:// doi.org/10.4135/9781849209359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209359

Shevlin M, Miles JN. Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Pers Individ Dif. 1998;25(1):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00055-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00055-5

Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Mulaik SA, James LR, van Alstine J, Bennett N, Lind S, Stilwell CD. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychol Bull. 1989;105(3):430-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430

Kline P. An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. United Kingdom: Routledge; 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315788135