Photoprotective and Inhibitory Activity of Tyrosinase in Extract and Fractions of Terminalia catappa L.

Maulita Indrisari; Sartini Sartini; Upik A. Miskad; Khairuddin Djawad; Karlina Amir Tahir; Nurkhairi Nurkhairi; Lukman Muslimin

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5940

Authors

Maulita Indrisari Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medical, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-838X
Sartini Sartini Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Upik A. Miskad Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Khairuddin Djawad Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Karlina Amir Tahir Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medical, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Nurkhairi Nurkhairi Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Lukman Muslimin Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-3714

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5940

Keywords:

Erythema transmission, Pigmentation transmission, Sun protection factor, Terminalia catappa Linn., Tyrosinase

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various skin damages. One of the most significant risks to skin occurrence is cancer and photoaging. Recent strategies for photoprotection have included incorporating natural sunscreens and antityrosinase.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the sun protection factor (SPF) and inhibitory activity of tyrosinase of the extract and fractions of leaves of Terminalia catappa Linn.

METHOD: The dried leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The extract and fractions were screened for their phytochemical profile, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was evaluated and expressed as IC₅₀. The photoprotective activity of extract and fractions were measured by a UV spectrophotometric.

RESULTS: Among the tested samples, the ethyl acetate fraction showed ultraprotection on erythema transmission rate (%TE), sunblock on pigmentation transmission (%TP), and minimum protection on SPF. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity to inhibit tyrosinase (IC50 was 50.54±2.37 μg/mL). The phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

CONCLUSION: This study’s findings revealed a higher tyrosinase inhibitor and sun protection capacity of ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of T. catappa and suitable to develop as a cosmetic agent.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Lowe NJ. An overview of ultraviolet radiation, sunscreens, and photo-induced dermatoses. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24(1):9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2005.08.001 PMid:16311163

Young AR, Claveau J, Rossi AB. Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: Photobiology and sunscreen photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):S100-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.038 PMid:28038885

Bissonnette R, Claveau J, Gupta AK. Ultraviolet a radiation and the need for protection. J Cutan Med Surg. 2006;10(Suppl 3):S1-7. https://doi.org/10.2310/7750.2006.00025

Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy H. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;195(3):298- 308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019 PMid:15020192

Norval M, Lucas RM, Cullen AP, de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, et al. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011;10(2):199-225. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90044c PMid:21253670

Bickers DR, Athar M. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126(12):2565-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700340 PMid:17108903

Kurutas EB. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: Current state. Nutr J. 2016;15:e71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5 PMid:27456681

Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP, Rahman HS. Antioxidant and oxidative stress: A mutual interplay in age-related diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:e1162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01162 PMid:30405405

Ebrahimzadeh MA, Enayatifard R, Khalili M, Ghaffarloo M, Saeedi M, Yazdani Charati J. Correlation between sun protection factor and antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some medicinal plants. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13(3):1041-7. PMid:25276206

Lorigo M, Cairrao E. Antioxidants as stabilizers of UV filters: An example for the UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate. Biomed Dermatol. 2019;3:e11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-019-0048-9

Wen KC, Shih IC, Hu JC, Liao ST, Su TW, Chiang HM. Inhibitory effects of Terminalia catappa on UVB-induced photodamage in fibroblast cell line. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:e904532. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/904532 PMid:20981325

Huang YH, Wu PY, Wen KC, Lin CY, Chiang HM. Protective effects and mechanisms of Terminalia catappa L. methanolic extract on hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18:e266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2308-4 PMid:30285714

Pertiwi DI, Naufalin R, Arsil P, Erminawati, Wicaksono R, Auliya T. Quality of simplician bioactive components and liquid extract of kecombrang flower powder from temperature and time optimization results. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2019;406:e012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/406/1/012008

Putra IB, Jusuf NK, Sumantri IB. The potency of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Leaves ethanol extract as hair growth. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020;8(A):89-92. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4211

Wu L, Chen C, Cheng C, Dai H, Ai Y, Lin C, et al. Evaluation of tyrosinase inhibitory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiaging activities of Magnolia officinalis extracts after Aspergillus niger fermentation. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:e5201786. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5201786

Costa SC, Detoni CB, Branco CR, Botura MB, Branco A. In vitro photoprotective effects of Marcetia taxifolia ethanolic extract and its potential for sunscreen formulations. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2015;25(4):413-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.013

Lesser M, Turtle S, Farrell J, Walker C. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (290-400 nm) causes oxidative stress, DNA damage, and expression of p53/p73 in laboratory experiments on embryos of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum. Physiol Biochem Zool. 2001;74(5):733-41. PMid:11517458

Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2018;13:e20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x PMid:29692864

Saewan N, Jimtaisong A. Photoprotection of natural flavonoids. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013;3(9):129-41. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.3923

He H, Li A, Li S, Tang J, Li L, Xiong L. Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;134:e111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111161 PMid:33360043

Cozzi AC, Perugini P, Gourion-Arsiquaud S. Comparative behavior between sunscreens based on free or encapsulated UV filters in term of skin penetration, retention and photo-stability. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;121:309-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.001 PMid:29874551

Rinayanti A, Pertiwi R. In vitro and in vivo sunscreen activity of active compounds isolated from fruits of Phaleria marcocarpha (Scheff.) Boerl. J Young Pharm. 2018;10(Suppl 2):s106-10. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2018.2s.21

Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M, Chingunpitak J. Development of sunscreen products containing passion fruit seed extract. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53:e16116. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000116116

Osterwalder U, Herzog B. Sun protection factors: World wide confusion. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(Suppl 3):13-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09506.x

Liang CP, Chang CH, Liang CC, Hung KY, Hsieh CW. In vitro antioxidant activities, free radical scavenging capacity, and tyrosinase inhibitory of flavonoid compounds and ferulic acid from Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. Molecules. 2014;19(4):4681- 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19044681 PMid:24739930

Nguyen HX, Nguyen NT, Nguyen MH, Le TH, Van Do TN, Hung TM, et al. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of flavonoids from Artocarpus heterophyllous. Chem Cent J. 2016;10:e2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-016-0150-7 PMid:26834825

Zuo AR, Dong HH, Yu YY, Shu QL, Zheng LX, Yu XY, et al. The antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of flavonoids dominated by the number and location of phenolic hydroxyl groups. Chin Med. 2018;13:e51. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13020-018-0206-9 PMid:30364385

Chyau CC, Tsai SY, Ko PT, Mau JL. Antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Terminalia catappa leaves. Food Chem. 2002;78(4):483-8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00162-0

Addor FA. Antioxidants in dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(3):356-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20175697 PMid:29186248

Rahimah SB, Djunaedi DD, Soeroto AY, Bisri T. The the phytochemical screening, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities in vitro of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) preparations. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(15):2404- 12. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.741 PMid:31666837