The Role of Hygiene and Sanitation to the Escherichia coli Contamination in Drinking Water in Depok City, Indonesia

Bambang Wispriyono; Lia Arsyina; Iqbal Ardiansyah; Laura D. Pratiwi; Ririn Arminsih; Budi Hartono; Nurmalasari Nurmalasari; Randy Novirsa

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6152

Authors

Bambang Wispriyono Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7590-7297
Lia Arsyina Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
Iqbal Ardiansyah Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
Laura D. Pratiwi Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2930-1993
Ririn Arminsih Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
Budi Hartono Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
Nurmalasari Nurmalasari Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
Randy Novirsa Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0477-1067

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6152

Keywords:

Drinking water, Escherichia coli, Hygiene, Sanitation

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Drinking water is a vital aspect in human life. The quality of drinking water should be monitored to ensure public from any health effects caused by contaminated water. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the indicators of fecal contamination should not be present in drinking water (0 cfu/100 ml). However, poor hygiene and sanitation contributes to E. coli contamination in drinking water, particularly in developing countries.

AIM: We investigated the household hygiene and sanitation factors and the relationship with E. coli detection in the household drinking water.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to collect the data from three districts in the Depok city, that is, Sawangan, Bojongsari, and Cipayung. A total of 300 houses and the corresponding drinking water samples were collected during August–September 2019. E. coli was determined as microbiological indicator using total plate count method.

RESULTS: The results showed that E. coli was detected in 174 (58%) of household water samples. The water container condition (OR = 2,60; CI 95%: 1.18–5.71) and the hand washing practice with soap (OR = 1,65; CI 95%: 1.04–2.62) were significantly correlated with the presence of E. coli in the water samples.

CONCLUSIONS: The condition of the water container was the most dominant factors which contributed to E. coli content in the household drinking water.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

UNDP. Report of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. United Nation Annex IV; 2016. Available from: https://www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/11803Official-List-of-Proposed-SDG-Indicators.pdf. [Last accessed on 2019 Feb].

World Health Organization. Gidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

World Health Organization, UNICEF. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization, UNICEF; 2017.

Gwimbi P, George M, Ramphalile M. Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources in rural villages of Mohale Basin, Lesotho: Exposures through neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices. Environ Health Prev Med. 2019;24(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0790-z PMid:31092211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0790-z

Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok. Profil Kesehatan Kota Depok Tahun 2018. Indonesia: Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok; 2018. https://doi.org/10.22236/arkesmas.v4i2.3750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22236/arkesmas.v4i2.3750

Pakpahan RS, Picauly I, Mahayasa IN. Cemaran mikroba escherichia coli dan total bakteri koliform pada air minum isi ulang. Kesmas J Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional. 2015;9(4):733. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.733 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.733

Wati NS, Subagiyono S, Wulandari H. Analisis kandungan bakteri total coliform dalam air bersih dan escherichia coli dalam air minum pada depot air minum isi ulang di wilayah kerja puskesmas kalasan sleman. KESMA J Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Univ Ahmad Daulan. 2016;10(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v4i2.257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v4i2.257

Fisher MB, Williams AR, Jalloh MF, Saquee G, Bain RE, Bartram JK. Microbiological and chemical quality of packaged sachet water and household stored drinking water in freetown, Sierra Leone. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131772 PMid:26162082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131772

Navab-Daneshmand T, Friedrich MN, Gächter M, Montealegre MC, Mlambo LS, Nhiwatiwa T, et al. Escherichia coli contamination across multiple environmental compartments (soil, hands, drinking water, and handwashing water) in urban harare: Correlations and risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(3):803-13. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0521 PMid:29363444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0521

Murphy JL, Kahler AM, Nansubuga I, Nanyunja EM, Kaplan B, Jothikumar N, et al. Environmental survey of drinking water sources in Kampala, Uganda, during a typhoid fever outbreak. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(23):e01706-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01706-17 PMid:28970225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01706-17

Apecu RO, Ampaire L, Mulogo EM, Bagenda FN, Traore A, Potgieter N. Quality of water sources in southwestern uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT): A cross-sectional descriptive study. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2019;9(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.270

Vannavong N, Overgaard HJ, Chareonviriyaphap T, Dada N, Rangsin R, Sibounhom A, et al. Assessing factors of E. Coli contamination of household drinking water in suburban and rural laos and Thailand. Water Sci Technol. 2017;18(3):886-900. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.133

Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, Arnold BF, Colford JM, Luby SP. Effects of source-versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121907 PMid:25816342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121907

Agensi A, Tibyangye J, Tamale A, Agwu E, Amongi C. Contamination potentials of household water handling and storage practices in Kirundo subcounty, Kisoro district, Uganda. J Environ Public Health. 2019;2019:7932193. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7932193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7932193

Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):863-93. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.4.863-893.2004 PMid:15489352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004

Burton M, Cobb E, Donachie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt WP. The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(1):97-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010097 PMid:21318017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010097

Shaheed A, Orgill J, Montgomery MA, Jeuland A, Brown J. Why “Improved” water sources are not always safe. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(4):283-9. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.13.119594 PMid:24700996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.119594

Packiyam R, Kananan S, Pachaiyappan S, Narayanan U. Effect of storage containers on coliforms in household drinking water. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2016;5:461-77. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.047

Kundu A, Smith WA, Harvey D, Wuertz S. Drinking water safety: Role of hand hygiene, sanitation facility, and water system in semi-Urban areas of India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(4):889-98. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0819 PMid:30062991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0819

CDC. Diarrhea: Common Illness, Global Killer. United States: CDC; 2015.