Factors Associated with Cognitive Score in People with Schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan

Authors

  • Julius Martin Siagian Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-5844
  • Bahagia Loebis Department of Psychiatry
  • Vita Camellia Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5774-3276
  • Elmeida Effendy Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6303

Keywords:

Schizophrenia, Cognitive, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Ina

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is characterized by being a condition with complex symptomatic dimensions. Its prognosis is poor due to the impairment of multiple cognitive functions, which handicaps the adequate social, academic, or employment reintegration of the patient. Cognitive impairment refers to the loss of cognitive functions, specifically memory, attention, and speed of information processing. A wide range of cognitive functions is affected, particularly memory, attention, motor skills, executive function, and intelligence.

METHODS: This study is a multivariate predictive conceptual framework study with a cross-sectional approach to 120 subjects at the Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan in May 2020–July 2020 using a sample that is a consecutive sampling. The test conducted in this study consisted of a bivariate test and a multivariate linear regression test to determine the factors that were associated with the cognitive score. The measuring instrument used is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Ina.

RESULTS: In the bivariate test, in gender variable (p = 0.644) and age variable (p = 0.255) were not statistically significant, so the variables were not included in the multivariate test. In marital status variable (p = 0.0001), type of antipsychotic (p = 0.193), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.0001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), frequency hospital admission (p = 0.0001), duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (p = 0.0001), positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scale (p = 0.141), and negative PANSS scale (p = 0.0001) were found statistically significant for the total MoCA Ina score on the bivariate test. After multivariate linear regression testing, the statistically significant variables on the total MoCA Ina score were negative PANSS scale (p = 0.001), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), DUP (p = 0.028), and marital status (p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: By knowing the factors related to the total score of MoCA Ina, it is expected that clinicians can be more careful in giving treatment interventions for people with schizophrenia who are at risk for cognitive impairment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2015. p. 300-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-198907000-00008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-198907000-00008

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Penggolongan dan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa di Indonesia III (PPDGJ-III). Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1993. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2013.24.2.121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2013.24.2.121

Bores-Ramirez LR, Saracco-Alvarez R, Escamilla-Orazco R, Orellana AF. Validity of the Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) for the detection of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Salud Mental. 2014;37(6):517-22. https://doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2014.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2014.062

Stahl SM. Psychosis and schizophrenia. In: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Application. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 155-214.

Bhattacharya K. Cognitive function in schizophrenia: A review. J Psychiatry. 2015;18(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/Psychiatry.1000187

Talreja BT, Shah S, Kataria L. Cognitive function in schizophrenia and its association with socio-demographics factors. Ind Psychiatry J. 2018;22:47-53. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.123619 PMid:24459374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.123619

Arunpongpaisal S, Sangsirilak A. Using MoCA Thai to evaluate cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. J Med Assoc Thailand. 2013;96(7):860-5. PMid:24319859

Penttila M. Duration of untreated psychosis. Association with clinical and social outcomes and brain morphology in schizophrenia. Acta Univ Ouluensis D Med. 2013;1206:1-130.

Chang WC, Hui CL, Tang JY, Wong GH, Chan SK, Lee EH, et al. Impacts of duration of untreated psychosis on cognition and negative symptoms in first episode schizophrenia: A 3 year prospective follow up study. Psychol Med. 2013;43(9):1883-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002838 PMid:23217676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002838

Dahlan MS. Langkah-Langkah Membuat Proposal Penelitian Bidang Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan. Jakarta: Sagung Seto; 2014.

Dahlan MS. Regresi Linier. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Epidemiologi Indonesia; 2018.

Husein N, Lumempouw N, Ramli Y, Herqutanto. Uji Validitas dan Reabilitas Montreal Cognitive Assessment versi Indonesia (MoCA-Ina) untuk Skrining Gangguan Kognitif; 2010. Available from: http://www.mru.fk.ui.ac.id. [Last accessed on 2015 Sep 20]. https://doi.org/10.26891/jik.v11i1.2017.12-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26891/JIK.v11i1.2017.12-18

Mortimer AM. Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191(Suppl 50):s7-14. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s7 PMid:18019038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s7

Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A Brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x PMid:15817019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x

Dahlan MS. Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Jakarta. Epidemiologi Indonesia; 2014.

Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Sagung Seto; 2008.

Dahlan MS. Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Dalam Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 5th ed. Jakarta: Epidemiologi Indonesia; 2019.

Kitchen H, Rofail D, Heron L, Sacco P. Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia: A review of the humanistic burden. Adv Ther. 2012;29(2):148-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-012-0001-4 PMid:22351433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-012-0001-4

Sharma T, Antonova L. Cognitive function in schizophrenia deficits, functional consequences and future treatment. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003;26(1):25-40. PMid:12683258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00084-9

Barch DM, Ceaser A. Cognition in schizophrenia: Core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015 PMid:22169777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015

Dahlan MS. Membaca dan Menelaah Jurnal Klinis. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2010.

Kahn RS. On the specificity of continuous cognitive decline in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(10):774-6. PMid:31569987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19080794

Gao WJ. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic dysfunctions. In: The Neuropathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Philadelphia, PA: Department of Neurology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine; 2009.

Malhotra AK, Marder SR, Weiden PJ. Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: Understanding the Neurobiology and its Implications for Future Management. 2015. p. 1-7. Available from: http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/cognition. [Last accessed on 2015 Sep 25].

Ochoa S, Usall J, Cobo J, Labad X, Kulkarni J. Gender differences in schizophrenia and first episode psychosis: A comprehensive literature review. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2012;2012:916198. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/916198 PMid:22966451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/916198

Cropley VL, Klauser P, Lenroot RK, Bruggemann J, Sundram S, Bousman C, et al. Accelerated gray and white matter deterioration with age in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(3):286-95. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050610 PMid:27919183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050610

Moriarty PJ, Lieber D, Bennett A, White L, Parella M, Harvey PD, et al. Gender differences in poor outcome patients with longlife schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27(1):103-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006850 PMid:11215540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006850

Galderisi S, Bucci P, Ucok A, Peuskens J. No gender differences in social outcome in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(6):406-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.011 PMid:21616645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.011

Cardoso CS, Caiaffa WT, Bandeira M, Siqueira AL, Abreu MN, Fonseca JO. Factors associated with low quality of life in schizophrenia. Saúde Pública. 2005;21(5):1338-48. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2005000500005 PMid:16158138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000500005

Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Panza G, Altamura AC. Prominent clinical dimension, duration of illness and treatment response in schizophrenia: A naturalistic study. Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2012;9(4):354-60. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.354 PMid:23251199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.354

Harvey PD, Loewenstein DA, Czaja SJ. Hospitalization and psychosis: Influences on the course of cognition and everyday functioning in people with schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;15:18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.022 PMid:23123218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.022

Kaneko K. Negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia: Two key symptoms negatively influencing social functioning. Yonago Acta Med. 2018;61(2):91-102. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.06.001 PMid:29946215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.06.001

Harvey PD, Koren D, Reichenberg A, Bowie CR. Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of their relationship? Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):250-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj011 PMid:16221995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj011

Downloads

Published

2021-06-21

How to Cite

1.
Siagian JM, Loebis B, Camellia V, Effendy E. Factors Associated with Cognitive Score in People with Schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jun. 21 [cited 2024 Mar. 29];9(T3):212-2. Available from: https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/6303

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >>