Iron Status in Preschool Children with Normal Hemoglobin, Egypt

Osama El-Asheer; Mary S. Naeem; Fardos H. Abd El Aal; Madleen A. A. Abdou; Khalil Abdel Khalek Mohamed

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6735

Authors

Osama El-Asheer Department of Pediatric, Assiut University Children Hospital, Asyut, Egypt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-5104
Mary S. Naeem Department of Pediatric, Assiut University Children Hospital, Asyut, Egypt
Fardos H. Abd El Aal Department of Pediatric, Assiut University Children Hospital, Asyut, Egypt
Madleen A. A. Abdou Department of Clinical Pathology, Assiut University Hospital, Asyut, Egypt
Khalil Abdel Khalek Mohamed Department of Pediatric, Faulty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6735

Keywords:

Iron status, Non-anemic, Children

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) anemia remains a common cause of anemia in young children. However, the more significant than anemia itself is the ID without anemia that also adversely affect neurocognitive development and unfortunately some of these effects may be irreversible.

AIM: This study is a cross-sectional study aimed to asses iron status in preschool children with normal hemoglobin (Hgb) level attending Assiut University Children Hospital.

METHODS: The cross-sectional study including 68 apparently healthy children aged 1–6 years old during the period from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015, They were subjected to detailed history, physical examination, and the following laboratory investigations: Complete blood count, Serum iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity, Serum ferritin, and Transferrin saturation.

RESULTS: Low serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation were detected in 41.2% and 47% respectively of our studied children who have normal Hgb levels.

CONCLUSION: Normal Hgb doesn’t exclude ID that should be screened in healthy children to prevent the possible long-term effects of ID on their cognation and mental development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Georgieff M. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nut Rev. 2011;69 Suppl 1:S43-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x PMid:22043882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x

Sherry B, Mei Z, Yip R. Continuation of the decline in prevalence of anemia in lowincome infants and children in five states. Pediatrics. 2001;107(4):677-82. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.677 PMid:11335743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.677

Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Smith JB. Double burden of iron deficiency in infancy and low socioeconomic status: A longitudinal analysis of cognitive test scores to age 19 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(11):1108-13. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.11.1108 PMid:17088512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.11.1108

Ram RS, Bernath PF. Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ-a4Δ _system of FeCl. J Mol Spectrosc. 2003;221(2):261. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2852(03)00225-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X

Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr. 1999;81(4):289-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000537 PMid:10999016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114599000537

Zhang AS, Enns CA. Molecular mechanisms of normal iron homeostasis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;2009(1):207-14. PMid:20008200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.207

Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, et al. Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science. 2004;306(5704):2090-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104742 PMid:15514116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104742

Beard JL. Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. J Nutr. 2001;131(2S-2):568S-79S; discussion 580S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.568s PMid:11160590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.568S

Logan S, Martins S, Gilbert R. Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three with iron deficiency anemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;2:CD001444. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001444 PMid:11405989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001444

Georgieff MK. The role of iron in neurodevelopment: Fetal iron deficiency and the developing hippocampus. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008;36(6):1267-71. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0361267 PMid:19021538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0361267

Allen LH. Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71 Suppl 5:1280S-4S. PMid:10799402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1280s

SCAN (Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition). Iron and Health, London TSO; 2010. p. 37.

Arosio P, Levi S. Ferritin, iron homeostasis, and oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33(4):457-63. PMid:12160928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00842-0

Irwin Gross. Laboratory Studies in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency, Latent Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficient Erythropoiesis. Eastern Maine Medical Center; 2004.

Baker RD, Greer FR, Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):1040-50. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2576 PMid:20923825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2576

World Health Organization. Iron deficiency Anemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control: A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: UNICEF, United Nations University, World Health Organization; 2001.

World Health Organization. WHO Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Anaemia in Infants and Children aged 6-59 Months. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

Morales-Ruan Mdel C, Villalpando S, Garcia-Guerra A, Shamah- Levy T, Robledo-Perez R, Avila-Arcos MA, et al. Iron, zinc, copper and magnesium nutritional status in Mexican children aged 1 to 11 years. Salud Publica Mex. 2012;54(2):125-34. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342012000200008 PMid:22535171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342012000200008

Sandjaja S, Budiman B, Harahap H, Ernawati F, Soekatri M, Widodo Y, et al. Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0.5-12-year-old Indonesian children: The SEANUTS study. Br J Nutr. 2013;110 Suppl 3:S11-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002109 PMid:24016762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513002109

Crampton P, Farrell A, Tuohy P. Iron deficiency anaemia in infants. N Z Med J. 1994;107(972):60-1. PMid:8115073

Handin RJ, Lux SE, Stossel TP. Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003. p. 2304.

Summary Report of an International Technical Workshop. Cuernavaca, Mexico: Flour Fortification Initiative. Wheat Flour Fortification: Current Knowledge and Practical Applications; 2004.

El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, Wan Muda WA. Anemia among children aged 2-5 years in the Gaza Strip-Palestinian: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:319. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1652-2 PMid:25879619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1652-2