A Cross-sectional Online Survey on Public Attitudes towards Wearing Face Masks and Washing Hands to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia

Hotma Rumahorbo; Priyanto Priyanto; Atin Karjatin

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6907

Authors

Hotma Rumahorbo Nursing Program, Bandung Health Polytechnic, Jawa Barat, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2253-4981
Priyanto Priyanto Indramayu State Polytechnic, Jawa Barat, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-3181
Atin Karjatin Health Promotion Program, Bandung Health Polytechnic, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6907

Keywords:

COVID-19, Attitude, Face masks, Washing hands, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 infection spreads quickly and easily, hence people are required to obey health protocols. Attitudes play an important role in building people’s readiness to use face masks and wash hands.

AIM: The study aims at analyzing several factors influencing people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks and washing hands in Indonesia.

METHODS: The study employs a cross-sectional online survey involving 400 adult respondents in the Java region from July to September 2020.

RESULTS: Of 400 respondents, 54.3% showed positive attitudes toward wearing face masks and 59.3% towards washing hands. The multivariate analysis showed that people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks were influenced by age and knowledge. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on wearing face masks 3.9 times (p = 0.038) and aged ≥46 years old 4.1 times (p = 0.039) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Furthermore, attitudes on washing hands were influenced by gender, age groups, and knowledge. Female had positive attitudes towards washing hands 1.7 times (p = 0.029) compared to male. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on washing hands 5 times (p = 0.037) and aged ≥46 years old 4.8 times (p = 0.05) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Knowledge acted as the confounding factor.

CONCLUSION: The age and knowledge factors influenced positive attitude of using masks and washing hands were influenced by gender, age, and knowledge. Health education programs are recommended to increase knowledge about COVID-19, this is very helpful for the young generation of Indonesia to have a positive attitude.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Situation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 11].

Nuraini, R. Kasus Covid-19 Pertama, Masyarakat Jangan Panik Indonesia Portal Informasi Indonesia; 2020. Available from: https://indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesia-dalam-angka/ekonomi/kasus-covid-19-pertama-masyarakat-jangan-panik [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 25].

World Health Organization. Shortage of Personal Protective Equipment Endangering Health Workers Worldwide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news.room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage of personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide [Last accessed on 2020 May 10].

Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID- 19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005 PMid:32257431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, et al. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;36:101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101751 PMid:32473312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101751

Galasso V, Pons V, Profeta P, Becher M, Brouard S, Foucault M. Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Am. 2020;117(44):27285-1. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012520117 PMid:33060298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012520117

West R, Michie S, Rubin J, Amlôt R. Applying principles of behavior change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4:451-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9

Głabska D, Skolmowska D, Guzek D. Population-based study of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene behaviors-polish adolescents’ COVID-19 experience (place-19) study. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2020;12(12):1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12124930 PMid:33271861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124930

Zareipour MA, Ardakani MF, Moradali MR, Jadgal MS, Movahed E. Determinants of COVID-19 prevention behavior in the elderly in urmia: Application of health belief model. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020;8(T1):646-650. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5653

Kemenkes RI. Guidelines for the Prevention and Contrpl of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) (Pedoman Pencegahan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). Edisi Revisi Ke-4 Maret 2020. Kemenkes RI, Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/protokol-covid-19/kmk-no-hk-01-07-menkes-413-2020-ttg-pedoman-pencegahan-dan-pengendalian-covid-19 [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 12].

Permenkes. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Guidelines for Large-scale Social Limitation in the Context of Accelerating Handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Pedoman Pembatasan Bersakala Besar dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 19),”Kementerian Kesehatan; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.go.id/p/regulasi/permenkes-no-9-tahun-2020-tentang-pedoman-psbb-dalam-rangka-percepatan-penanganan-covid-19 [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 15].

Clemens KS, Matkovic J, Faasse K, Geers AL. The role of attitudes, affect, and income in predicting COVID-19 behavioral intentions. Front Psychol. 2021;11:567397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567397

Wang J, Liu W, Zhao Q, Xiao M, Peng D. An application of the theory of planned behavior to predict the intention and practice of nursing staff toward physical restraint use in long-term care facilities: Structural equation modeling. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:275-87. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S293759 PMid:33688280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S293759

Prasetyo YT, Castillo AM, Salonga LJ, Sia JA, Seneta JA. Factors affecting perceived effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures among filipinos during enhanced community quarantine in Luzon, Philippines: Integrating Protection motivation theory and extended theory of planned behavior. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:312-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.074 PMid:32768695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.074

Hogan C, Atta M, Anderson P, Stead T, Solomon M, Banerjee P, et al. Knowledge and attitudes of us adults regarding COVID- 19. Int J Emerg Med. 2020;13(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-020-00309-6 PMid:33138768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-020-00309-6

Czeisler MÉ, Garcia-Williams AG, Molinari NA, Gharpure R, Li Y, Barrett CE, et al. Demographic characteristics, experiences, and beliefs associated with hand hygiene among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic United States, June 24-30, 2020. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(41):1485-91. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a3

Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1745-52. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221 PMid:32226294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221

Bwire GM. Coronavirus: Why men are more vulnerable to Covid-19 than women? SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(7):874-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w PMid:32838138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w

Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Jen T, Id S, Hadi S, Id A, et al. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia, 2020;15(5):e0233668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668 PMid:32437434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668

Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):779-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035 PMid:32526627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035

Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020;76:71-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034 PMid:32112977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034

Esmaeili H. Social attitudes of people towards adhering to health protocols to prevent Covid-19 infection. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;32(1):24742-6. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2020.32.005205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.32.005205

Singhal S, Singhal P, Mittal A, Agarwal BK, Khatib M, Gaidhane A. COVID 19 pandemic; a review on understanding the mode of transmission and application of strategies to delay/stop transmission with special reference to India. Open Public Health J. 2021;14(1):140-4. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010140

Sussman R, Gifford R. Causality in the theory of planned behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2019;45(6):920-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218801363 PMid:30264655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218801363

Sulistyawati S, Rokhmayanti R, Aji B, Wijayanti SP, Hastuti SK, Sukesi TW, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, practices and information needs during the covid-19 pandemic in indonesia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:163-75. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S288579 PMid:33488129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S288579

Cauffman E, Steinberg L. (Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: Why adolescents may be less culpable than adults. Behav Sci Law. 2020;18(6):741-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.416 PMid:11180420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.416

Icenogle G, Steinberg L, Duell N, Chein J, Chang L, Chaudhary N, et al. Adolescents’ cognitive capacity reaches adult levels prior to their psychosocial maturity: Evidence for a “maturity gap” in a multinational, cross-sectional sample. Law Hum Behav. 2019;43(1):69-85. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000315 PMid:30762417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000315

Tso RV, Cowling BJ. (n.d.). Importance of face masks for COVID-19: A call for effective public education. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2195-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa593 PMid:32614045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa593

Reuben RC, Danladi MM, Dauda SA, Ejembi PE. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: An epidemiological survey in North-Central Nigeria. J Community Health. 2021;46:457-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00881-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00881-1

Baker P, White A, Morgan R. Men’s health: COVID- 19 pandemic highlights need for overdue policy action. Lancet. 2020;395(10241):1886-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31303-9 PMid:32563357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31303-9

Griffith DM, Sharma G, Holliday CS, Enyia OK, Valliere M, Semlow AR, et al. Men and COVID-19: A biopsychosocial approach to understanding sex differences in mortality and recommendations for practice and policy interventions. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E63. https://doi.org/10.5888/PCD17.200247 PMid:32678061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200247