Survival and Prognostic Factors After Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients with Concomitant Coronary Disease

Georgi Goranov; Maria Tokmakova; Petar Nikolov

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.7194

Authors

Georgi Goranov Department of 1st Internal Disease, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Clinic of Interventional Cardiology, St. George Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of 1st Internal Disease, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Clinic of Interventional Cardiology, St. George Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Maria Tokmakova Department of 1st Internal Disease, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Clinic of Interventional Cardiology, St. George Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Petar Nikolov Department of 1st Internal Disease, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Clinic of Interventional Cardiology, St. George Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7194

Keywords:

Carotid artery stenting, Survival, Prognostic factors

Abstract

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the prognostic factors in patients after carotid artery stenting (CAS).

METHODS: In 329 patients after CAS, the median survival (MS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated for a follow-up period of 2–101 months. All patients underwent coronary angiography before carotid stenting and, if indicated, coronary revascularization. Four groups of factors were analyzed: Carotid disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), underlying cardiac pathology, and concomitant diseases.

RESULTS: MS in all patients was 86 months, OS at 1, 3, 5, and 9 years was - 94%, 85%, 73%, and 51%, respectively. Event free survival was 85 months. Log Rank-Mantel-Cox analysis demonstrated significantly reduced MS in 21 tested factors, most of them related to CAD. Two-step multifactorial Cox regression analysis defined only 7 of them as independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients after CAS: Left main stenosis, complete revascularization, late myocardial infarction, stroke, age over 70 years, valvular disease, and carotid score.

CONCLUSION: Survival of patients after CAS is limited mainly by CAD and underlying cardiac pathology. Staged revascularization treatment strategy may improve the prognosis and survival of patients with both carotid and coronary disease.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Tityanova E, Stamenova P, Grigorov K, Petrov I, Velcheva I, et al. National Consensus Document for Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment of Extracranial Carotid Disease, Sofia, Coty Ltd; 2011.

Stilo F, Montelione N, Calandrelli R, Distefano M, Spinelli F, Di Lazzaro V, et al. The management of carotid restenosis: A comprehensive review. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(19):1272. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-963 PMid:33178804

Petersen S, Peto V, Rayner M, Leal J, Luengo-Fernandez R, Gray A. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. London: BHF; 2005.

Prati P, Vanuzzo D, Casaroli M, Di Chiara A, De Biasi F, Feruglio GA, et al. Prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in a general population. Stroke. 1992;23(12):1705-11. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.12.1705 PMid:1448818

O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Kittner SJ, Bond MG, Wolfson SK Jr., et al. Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the cardiovascular health study. The CHS collaborative research group. Stroke. 1992;23(12):1752-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.12.1752 PMid:1448826

Touzé E, Varenne O, Calvet D, Mas JL. Coronary risk stratification in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke attack. Int J Stroke. 2007;2(3):177-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00136.x PMid:18705941

Honda O, Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K, Fukushima H, Nakamura S, Koide S, et al. Echolucent carotid plaques predict future coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(7):1177-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.063 PMid:15063426

Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Röther J, et al. Three-year follow-up and event rates in the international reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health registry. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(19):2318-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp355 PMid:19720633

Hertzer NR, Young JR, Beven EG, Graor RA, O’Hara PJ, Ruschhaupt WF 3rd, et al. Coronary angiography in 506 patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(5):849-52. PMid:3994461

Cohen SN, Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Chimowitz M. Death associated with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Long-term clinical evaluation. VA cooperative study 167 group. J Vasc Surg. 1993;18(6):1002-9; discussion 1009-11. PMid:8264028

Pieniazek P, Musialek P, Kablak-Ziembicka A, Tekieli L, Motyl R, Przewlocki T, et al. Carotid artery stenting with patient-and lesion-tailored selection of the neuroprotection system and stent type: Early and 5-year results from a prospective academic registry of 535 consecutive procedures (TARGET-CAS). J Endovasc Ther. 2008;15(3):249-62. https://doi.org/10.1583/07-2264.1 PMid:18540694

Hofman R, Kypta A, Steinwender C, Kerschner K, Grund M, Leisch F. Coronary angiography in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting shows a high incidence of significant coronary artery disease. Heart. 2005;91(11):1438-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.050906 PMid:15761052

Howard G, Roubin GS, Jansen O, Hendrikse J, Halliday A, Fraedrich G, et al. Association between age and risk of stroke or death from carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting: A meta-analysis of pooled patient data from four randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;387(10025):1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01309-4 PMid:26880122

Bonati LH, Dobson J, Featherstone RL, Ederle J, van der Worp HB, de Borst GJ, et al. Long-term outcomes after stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis: The international carotid stenting study (ICSS) randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9967):529-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61184-3 Mid:25453443

Brott TG, Howard G, Roubin GS, Meschia JF, Mackey A, Brooks W, et al. Long-term results of stenting versus endarterectomy for carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(11):1021-31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505215 PMid:26890472

Huynh K. Atherosclerosis: Carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy-no difference in long-term outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(12):685. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.174 PMid:25367651

Weiss N, Gerber J, Reeps C. Carotis stenosis: Stenting is eqivalent to endarteriectomy in the long term. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2016;141(10):678-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103717 PMid:27176057

Gray WA, Chaturvedi S, Verta P, Investigators and the Executive Committees. Thirty-day outcomes for carotid artery stenting in 6320 patients from 2 prospective, multicenter, high-surgical-risk registries. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(3):159-66. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.823013 PMid:20031712

Sulženko J, Paluszek P, Machnik R, Widimský P, Jarkovský J, Pieniazek P. Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting. Coron Artery Dis. 2019;30(3):204-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000695 PMid:30741742

AbuRahma AF. Predictors of perioperative stroke/death after carotid artery stenting: A review article. Ann Vasc Dis. 2018;11(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.ra.17-00136 PMid:29682104

Veselka J, Špaček M, Horváth M, Štěchovský C, Homolová I, Zimolová P, et al. Impact of coexisting multivessel coronary artery disease on short-term outcomes and long-term survival of patients treated with carotid stenting. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12(4):760-5. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.60964 PMid:27478456

Illuminati G, Ricco JB, Greco C, Mangieri E, Calio’ F, Ceccanei G, et al. Systematic preoperative coronary angiography and stenting improves postoperative results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;39(2):139-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.11.015 PMid:20005750

Illuminati G, Schneider F, Greco C, Mangieri E, Schiariti M, Tanzilli G, et al. Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing the role of systematic pre-operative coronary angiography before elective carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(4):366-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12.030 PMid:25701070

Kallikazaros I, Tsioufis C, Sideris S, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. Carotid artery disease as a marker for the presence of severe coronary artery disease in patients evaluated for chest pain. Stroke. 1999;30(5):1002-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.30.5.1002 PMid:10229735

Enomoto Y, Yoshimura S, Yamada K, Kawasaki M, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, et al. Silent coronary artery disease in Japanese patients undergoing carotid artery stenting. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(7):1163-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.12.013 PMid:23352686

Avci A, Fidan S, Tabakçı MM, Toprak C, Alizade E, Acar E, et al. Association between the gensini score and carotid artery stenosis. Korean Circ J. 2016;46(5):639-45. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.639 Mid:27721854

Saedi S, Ghadrdoost B, Pouraliakbar H, Zahedmehr A, Jebelli A. The association between increased carotid intima-media thickness and SYNTAX Score in coronary artery disease: A single center study. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(5):627-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.010 PMid:30392499

Ikeda N, Gupta A, Dey N, Bose S, Shafique S, Arak T, et al. Improved correlation between carotid and coronary atherosclerosis SYNTAX score using automated ultrasound carotid bulb plaque IMT measurement. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(5):1247-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.024 PMid:25638311

Aksu U, Gulcu O, Bilgi Z, Topcu S, Sevimli S, Bayram E, et al. The association of the syntax Score II with carotid intima media thickness and epicardial fat tissue. Indian Heart J. 2017;69(6):752-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.04.008 PMid:29174253

Korkmaz L, Bektas H, Korkmaz AA, Agaç MT, Acar Z, Erkan H, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness is associated with higher SYNTAX score. Angiology. 2012;63(5):386-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319711419837 PMid:21948972

Ouriel K, Hertzer NR, Beven EG, O’hara PJ, Krajewski LP, Clair DG, et al. Preprocedural risk stratification: Identifying an appropriate population for carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33(4):728-32. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.111981 PMid:11296324

Ozturk S, Sahin M. Syntax Score I and II for predicting carotid artery stenosis in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A propensity score matching analysis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;34(6):653-8. https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0067 PMid:31545581

Costanzo L, Campisano MB, Capodanno D, Sole A, Grasso C, Ragusa M, et al. The SYNTAX score does not predict presence of carotid disease in a multivessel coronary disease population. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;83(7):1169-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25320 PMid:24323404

Tearney G, Yabushita H, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, et al. Quantification of macrophage content in atherosclerotic plaques by optical coherence tomography. Circulation. 2003;107:113-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000044384.41037.43 PMid:12515752

Sulženko J, Pieniazek P. The cardiovascular risk of patients with carotid artery stenosis. Cor Vasa. 2018;60(1):e42-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.09.006

Arif S, Bartuś S, Dziewierz A, Chyrchel M, Brzeziński M, Rakowski T, et al. Impact of coronary artery disease presence on the long-term follow-up of carotid artery stenting. Kardiol Pol. 2015;73(4):274-9. https://doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2014.0217 PMid:25371310

Hoshino M, Kawai H, Sarai M, Sadato A, Hayakawa M, Motoyama S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of stenotic severity and plaque characteristics by coronary CT angiography in patients scheduled for carotid artery revascularization. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2018;25(10):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.42176 PMid:29459518

Dua A, Romanelli BS, Upchurch GR Jr, Pan J, Hood D, Hodgson KJ, et al. Predictors of poor outcome after carotid intervention. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):663-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.428 PMid:27209401

Gray WA, Hopkins LN, Yadav S, Davis T, Wholey M, Atkinson R, et al. Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: The ARCHeR results. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(2):258-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.03.044 PMid:16890850

Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, Ducrocq G, Juliard JM, Feldman L, et al. Coronary artery disease and risk of major vascular events after cerebral infarction. Stroke. 2013;44(6):1505-11. https://doi.org/10.1161/Strokeaha.111.000142 PMid:23598520

Hertzer NR, Young JR, Kramer JR, Phillips DF, deWolfe VG, Ruschhaupt WF 3rd, et al. Routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction: Results of selective myocardial revascularization in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Arch Surg. 1979;114(11):1336-44. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370350138018 PMid:496636

McFalls EO, Ward HB, Moritz TE, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, et al. Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(27):2795-804. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041905 PMid:15625331

Poldermans D, Schouten O, Vidakovic R, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Hoeks SE, et al. A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1763-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.052 PMid:17466225

Monaco M, Stassano P, di Tommaso L, Pepino P, Giordano A, Pinna GB, et al. Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium-to high-risk patients: A prospective study. J Vasc Surg. 2009;44(2):258-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.041 PMid:19729114

Ricotta JJ, Char DJ, Cuadra SA, Bilfinger TV, Wall LP, Giron F, et al. Modeling stroke risk after coronary artery bypass and combined coronary artery bypass and carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1212-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000069263.08070.9F PMid:12690211

Naylor AR, Cuffe RL, Rothwell PM, Bell PR. A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25(5):380-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1895 PMid:12713775

Timaran CH, Rosero EB, Smith ST, Valentine RJ, Modrall JG, Clagett GP. Trends and outcomes of concurrent carotid revascularization and coronary bypass. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(2):355- 60; discussion 360-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.03.031 PMid:18572353

Versaci F, Del Giudice C, Scafuri A, Zeitani J, Gandini R, Nardi P, et al. Sequential hybrid carotid and coronary artery revascularization: Immediate and mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99:1305-12.

Chiariello LP, Pellegrino A, Saitto G, Chiariello GA, Russo M, Zeitani J, et al. Simultaneous carotid artery stenting and heart surgery: Expanded experience of hybrid surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(4):1291-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.043 PMid:25661578

Kumar S, McDaniel M, Samady H, Forouzandeh F. Contemporary revascularization dilemmas in older adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(3):e014477. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.014477 PMid:31973608

Shen Y, Jin S, Lin C, Shen J, Hong Z, Xue S, et al. Safety of different carotid artery revascularization strategies in the coronary artery bypass graft population: Study protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(23):1605. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-4451 PMid:33437804

Manthey S, Spears J, Goldberg S. Coexisting coronary and carotid artery disease-which technique and in which order? Case report and review of literature. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2020;14:1179546820951797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546820951797. PMid:32922112

Tzoumas A, Giannopoulos S, Texakalidis P, Charisis N, Machinis T, Koullias GJ. Synchronous versus staged carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft for patients with concomitant severe coronary and carotid artery stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:427-38.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.09.007 PMid:31629126

Tityanova E, Stamenova P, Grigorov K, Petrov I, Velcheva I, et al. National Consensus Document for Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment of Extracranial Carotid Disease, Sofia, Coty Ltd; 2011.

Stilo F, Montelione N, Calandrelli R, Distefano M, Spinelli F, Di Lazzaro V, et al. The management of carotid restenosis: A comprehensive review. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(19):1272. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-963 PMid:33178804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-963

Petersen S, Peto V, Rayner M, Leal J, Luengo-Fernandez R, Gray A. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. London: BHF; 2005.

Prati P, Vanuzzo D, Casaroli M, Di Chiara A, De Biasi F, Feruglio GA, et al. Prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in a general population. Stroke. 1992;23(12):1705-11. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.12.1705 PMid:1448818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.23.12.1705

O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Kittner SJ, Bond MG, Wolfson SK Jr., et al. Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the cardiovascular health study. The CHS collaborative research group. Stroke. 1992;23(12):1752-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.12.1752 PMid:1448826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.23.12.1752

Touzé E, Varenne O, Calvet D, Mas JL. Coronary risk stratification in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke attack. Int J Stroke. 2007;2(3):177-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00136.x PMid:18705941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00136.x

Honda O, Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K, Fukushima H, Nakamura S, Koide S, et al. Echolucent carotid plaques predict future coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(7):1177-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.063 PMid:15063426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.063

Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Röther J, et al. Three-year follow-up and event rates in the international reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health registry. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(19):2318-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp355 PMid:19720633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp355

Hertzer NR, Young JR, Beven EG, Graor RA, O’Hara PJ, Ruschhaupt WF 3rd, et al. Coronary angiography in 506 patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(5):849-52. PMid:3994461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.145.5.849

Cohen SN, Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Chimowitz M. Death associated with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Long-term clinical evaluation. VA cooperative study 167 group. J Vasc Surg. 1993;18(6):1002-9; discussion 1009-11. PMid:8264028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(93)90555-Z

Pieniazek P, Musialek P, Kablak-Ziembicka A, Tekieli L, Motyl R, Przewlocki T, et al. Carotid artery stenting with patient-and lesion-tailored selection of the neuroprotection system and stent type: Early and 5-year results from a prospective academic registry of 535 consecutive procedures (TARGET-CAS). J Endovasc Ther. 2008;15(3):249-62. https://doi.org/10.1583/07-2264.1 PMid:18540694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1583/07-2264.1

Hofman R, Kypta A, Steinwender C, Kerschner K, Grund M, Leisch F. Coronary angiography in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting shows a high incidence of significant coronary artery disease. Heart. 2005;91(11):1438-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.050906 PMid:15761052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.050906

Howard G, Roubin GS, Jansen O, Hendrikse J, Halliday A, Fraedrich G, et al. Association between age and risk of stroke or death from carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting: A meta-analysis of pooled patient data from four randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;387(10025):1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01309-4 PMid:26880122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01309-4

Bonati LH, Dobson J, Featherstone RL, Ederle J, van der Worp HB, de Borst GJ, et al. Long-term outcomes after stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis: The international carotid stenting study (ICSS) randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9967):529-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61184-3 Mid:25453443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61184-3

Brott TG, Howard G, Roubin GS, Meschia JF, Mackey A, Brooks W, et al. Long-term results of stenting versus endarterectomy for carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(11):1021-31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505215 PMid:26890472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505215

Huynh K. Atherosclerosis: Carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy-no difference in long-term outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(12):685. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.174 PMid:25367651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.174

Weiss N, Gerber J, Reeps C. Carotis stenosis: Stenting is eqivalent to endarteriectomy in the long term. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2016;141(10):678-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103717 PMid:27176057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103717

Gray WA, Chaturvedi S, Verta P, Investigators and the Executive Committees. Thirty-day outcomes for carotid artery stenting in 6320 patients from 2 prospective, multicenter, high-surgical-risk registries. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(3):159-66. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.823013 PMid:20031712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.823013

Sulženko J, Paluszek P, Machnik R, Widimský P, Jarkovský J, Pieniazek P. Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting. Coron Artery Dis. 2019;30(3):204-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000695 PMid:30741742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000695

AbuRahma AF. Predictors of perioperative stroke/death after carotid artery stenting: A review article. Ann Vasc Dis. 2018;11(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.ra.17-00136 PMid:29682104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.ra.17-00136

Veselka J, Špaček M, Horváth M, Štěchovský C, Homolová I, Zimolová P, et al. Impact of coexisting multivessel coronary artery disease on short-term outcomes and long-term survival of patients treated with carotid stenting. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12(4):760-5. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.60964 PMid:27478456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.60964

Illuminati G, Ricco JB, Greco C, Mangieri E, Calio’ F, Ceccanei G, et al. Systematic preoperative coronary angiography and stenting improves postoperative results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;39(2):139-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.11.015 PMid:20005750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.12.031

Illuminati G, Schneider F, Greco C, Mangieri E, Schiariti M, Tanzilli G, et al. Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing the role of systematic pre-operative coronary angiography before elective carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(4):366-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12.030 PMid:25701070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12.030

Kallikazaros I, Tsioufis C, Sideris S, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. Carotid artery disease as a marker for the presence of severe coronary artery disease in patients evaluated for chest pain. Stroke. 1999;30(5):1002-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.30.5.1002 PMid:10229735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.5.1002

Enomoto Y, Yoshimura S, Yamada K, Kawasaki M, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, et al. Silent coronary artery disease in Japanese patients undergoing carotid artery stenting. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(7):1163-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.12.013 PMid:23352686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.12.013

Avci A, Fidan S, Tabakçı MM, Toprak C, Alizade E, Acar E, et al. Association between the gensini score and carotid artery stenosis. Korean Circ J. 2016;46(5):639-45. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.639 Mid:27721854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.639

Saedi S, Ghadrdoost B, Pouraliakbar H, Zahedmehr A, Jebelli A. The association between increased carotid intima-media thickness and SYNTAX Score in coronary artery disease: A single center study. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(5):627-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.010 PMid:30392499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.010

Ikeda N, Gupta A, Dey N, Bose S, Shafique S, Arak T, et al. Improved correlation between carotid and coronary atherosclerosis SYNTAX score using automated ultrasound carotid bulb plaque IMT measurement. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(5):1247-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.024 PMid:25638311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.024

Aksu U, Gulcu O, Bilgi Z, Topcu S, Sevimli S, Bayram E, et al. The association of the syntax Score II with carotid intima media thickness and epicardial fat tissue. Indian Heart J. 2017;69(6):752-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.04.008 PMid:29174253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.04.008

Korkmaz L, Bektas H, Korkmaz AA, Agaç MT, Acar Z, Erkan H, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness is associated with higher SYNTAX score. Angiology. 2012;63(5):386-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319711419837 PMid:21948972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319711419837

Ouriel K, Hertzer NR, Beven EG, O’hara PJ, Krajewski LP, Clair DG, et al. Preprocedural risk stratification: Identifying an appropriate population for carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33(4):728-32. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.111981 PMid:11296324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.111981

Ozturk S, Sahin M. Syntax Score I and II for predicting carotid artery stenosis in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A propensity score matching analysis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;34(6):653-8. https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0067 PMid:31545581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0067

Costanzo L, Campisano MB, Capodanno D, Sole A, Grasso C, Ragusa M, et al. The SYNTAX score does not predict presence of carotid disease in a multivessel coronary disease population. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;83(7):1169-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25320 PMid:24323404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25320

Tearney G, Yabushita H, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, et al. Quantification of macrophage content in atherosclerotic plaques by optical coherence tomography. Circulation. 2003;107:113-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000044384.41037.43 PMid:12515752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000044384.41037.43

Sulženko J, Pieniazek P. The cardiovascular risk of patients with carotid artery stenosis. Cor Vasa. 2018;60(1):e42-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.09.006

Arif S, Bartuś S, Dziewierz A, Chyrchel M, Brzeziński M, Rakowski T, et al. Impact of coronary artery disease presence on the long-term follow-up of carotid artery stenting. Kardiol Pol. 2015;73(4):274-9. https://doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2014.0217 PMid:25371310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2014.0217

Hoshino M, Kawai H, Sarai M, Sadato A, Hayakawa M, Motoyama S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of stenotic severity and plaque characteristics by coronary CT angiography in patients scheduled for carotid artery revascularization. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2018;25(10):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.42176 PMid:29459518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.42176

Dua A, Romanelli BS, Upchurch GR Jr, Pan J, Hood D, Hodgson KJ, et al. Predictors of poor outcome after carotid intervention. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):663-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.428 PMid:27209401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.428

Gray WA, Hopkins LN, Yadav S, Davis T, Wholey M, Atkinson R, et al. Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: The ARCHeR results. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(2):258-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.03.044 PMid:16890850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.03.044

Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, Ducrocq G, Juliard JM, Feldman L, et al. Coronary artery disease and risk of major vascular events after cerebral infarction. Stroke. 2013;44(6):1505-11. https://doi.org/10.1161/Strokeaha.111.000142 PMid:23598520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000142

Hertzer NR, Young JR, Kramer JR, Phillips DF, deWolfe VG, Ruschhaupt WF 3rd, et al. Routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction: Results of selective myocardial revascularization in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Arch Surg. 1979;114(11):1336-44. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370350138018 PMid:496636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370350138018

McFalls EO, Ward HB, Moritz TE, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, et al. Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(27):2795-804. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041905 PMid:15625331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041905

Poldermans D, Schouten O, Vidakovic R, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Hoeks SE, et al. A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1763-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.052 PMid:17466225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.052

Monaco M, Stassano P, di Tommaso L, Pepino P, Giordano A, Pinna GB, et al. Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium-to high-risk patients: A prospective study. J Vasc Surg. 2009;44(2):258-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.041 PMid:19729114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.041

Ricotta JJ, Char DJ, Cuadra SA, Bilfinger TV, Wall LP, Giron F, et al. Modeling stroke risk after coronary artery bypass and combined coronary artery bypass and carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1212-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000069263.08070.9F PMid:12690211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000069263.08070.9F

Naylor AR, Cuffe RL, Rothwell PM, Bell PR. A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25(5):380-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1895 PMid:12713775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1895

Timaran CH, Rosero EB, Smith ST, Valentine RJ, Modrall JG, Clagett GP. Trends and outcomes of concurrent carotid revascularization and coronary bypass. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(2):355- 60; discussion 360-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.03.031 PMid:18572353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.03.031

Versaci F, Del Giudice C, Scafuri A, Zeitani J, Gandini R, Nardi P, et al. Sequential hybrid carotid and coronary artery revascularization: Immediate and mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99:1305-12.

Chiariello LP, Pellegrino A, Saitto G, Chiariello GA, Russo M, Zeitani J, et al. Simultaneous carotid artery stenting and heart surgery: Expanded experience of hybrid surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(4):1291-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.043 PMid:25661578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.043

Kumar S, McDaniel M, Samady H, Forouzandeh F. Contemporary revascularization dilemmas in older adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(3):e014477. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.014477 PMid:31973608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014477

Shen Y, Jin S, Lin C, Shen J, Hong Z, Xue S, et al. Safety of different carotid artery revascularization strategies in the coronary artery bypass graft population: Study protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(23):1605. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-4451 PMid:33437804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-4451

Manthey S, Spears J, Goldberg S. Coexisting coronary and carotid artery disease-which technique and in which order? Case report and review of literature. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2020;14:1179546820951797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546820951797. PMid:32922112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546820951797

Tzoumas A, Giannopoulos S, Texakalidis P, Charisis N, Machinis T, Koullias GJ. Synchronous versus staged carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft for patients with concomitant severe coronary and carotid artery stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:427-38.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.09.007 PMid:31629126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.09.007