Current of Child Sexual Abuse in Asia: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Impact, Age of First Exposure, Perpetrators, and Place of Offence

Tetti Solehati; Iqbal Pramukti; Yanti Hermayanti; Cecep Eli Kosasih; Henny Suzana Mediani

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.7334

Authors

Tetti Solehati Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; Department of Maternity, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Iqbal Pramukti Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Yanti Hermayanti Department of Maternity, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Cecep Eli Kosasih Department of Critical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Henny Suzana Mediani Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7334

Keywords:

Age of first exposure, Asia, Child sexual abuse, Impact, Perpetrators, Place of offence, Prevalence

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious global problem and challenge for all people because it increases the risk of various issues.

AIM: This study investigated the CSA in Asian countries focusing on prevalence rates, impact, victim’s age of first exposure, type of CSA, perpetrator, and places of CSA offence.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, ClinicalKey, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and manual search for studies published between January 2011 and November 2020. Only articles related to CSA in Asia were included in this review.

RESULTS: The results showed that prevalence of CSA ranged from 2.2% - 94% for girls and 1.7% - 49.5% for boys. The prevalence rates for non-contact abuse were 12.6% - 56.5% for girls and 0.7% - 68.7% for boys; contact abuse was 5.3% - 67.2% for girls and 2.2% - 53.3% for boys; penetrating abuse was 0.5% - 88.24% for girls and 1.7% - 57.1% for boys. The findings reported most victims’ age of first exposure was preteen. The rate of the violation occurring in the victim’s house was 6.1% - 41.9%; most CSA perpetrators are known by victims. This study reported adverse impacts on CSA victims such as psychological, health, and physical disorders, and changes in behavior. In addition, other findings were found, including recovery, perceptions, values, causes, and expectations of victims of CSA.

CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CSA in Asia is still high and the age of the first victims is early adolescence. The majority of victims are women who already know the perpetrator, and taboo cultural factors are thought to play a role in increasing CSA in Asia. The results indicate the need to develop CSA prevention efforts that involve culture.

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