Evaluation of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Behavioral Aspects, Household State for the Diarrhea Prevalence among Students in the Valley of Sinabung Volcano, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Nenni Dwi Aprianti Lubis; Sri Amelia; Hemma Yulfi; Merina Panggabean; Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.7404

Authors

Nenni Dwi Aprianti Lubis Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Sri Amelia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Hemma Yulfi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Merina Panggabean Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7404

Keywords:

Disability-adjusted life years, Volcanic eruptions, Impacts, Child health, Environment, Natural disaster

Abstract

Diarrhea stands as a result of the inter-variable relationships, including behavior, environmental aspect, and household states. The study aimed to conduct an epidemiologic survey of diarrhea prevalence and several existing risk factors of diarrhea. A community-based surveillance and in-depth interview were conducted following the JMP ladder service for WASH and government regulation and it enrolled 135 children of a public primary school, SDN 040494, and households in the Valley of Sinabung Volcano, North Sumatera, Indonesia between June and October 2019. There were only two lowest categories of each WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) indicator. Multivariate analysis has also demonstrated a high likelihood of diarrhea among the population in limited settings for hygiene (p-value 0.012, AOR 7.892 95%CI 2.485, 25.064) and low daily income (p-value 0.015, AOR 3.079 95%CI 1.148, 8.260). Improvement of hygienic practices is mandatory as well as preventing volcanic eruption implications to the economy of the local community.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Operario DJ, Houpt E. Defining the etiology of diarrhea: Novel approaches. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(5):464-71. PMid:21844805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834aa13a

Walker CLF, Sack D, Black RE. Etiology of diarrhea in older children, adolescents and adults: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(8):e768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000768 PMid:20689809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000768

Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, Melo Ed, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM. The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: Emerging strategies in prevention and management. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2018;5(1):29-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936117744429 PMid:29344358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936117744429

Megersa S, Benti T, Sahiledengle B. Prevalence of diarrhea and its associated factors among under-five children in open defecation free and non-open defecation free households in goba district southeast ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study. Clin Mother Child Health. 2019;16:324. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4271915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4271915

Nwaoha AF, Ohaeri CC, Amaechi EC. Prevalence of diarrhoea, and associated risk factors, in children aged 0-5 years, at two hospitals in Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria. Cuad Inv UNED. 2017;9(1):7-14. https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v9i1.1672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v9i1.1672

GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1211-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00011 PMid:30243583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00011

Oloruntoba EO, Folarin TB, Ayede AI. Hygiene and sanitation risk factors of diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(4):1001-11. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i4.32 PMid:25834513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i4.32

Taylor B. Effectiveness, Scale and Sustainability in WASH Programmes-a Review; 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2343044

Alebel A, Tesema C, Temesgen B, Gebrie A, Petrucka P, Kibret GD. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199684. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0057 PMid:29953555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199684

George CM, Perin J, de Calani KJ, Norman WR, Perry H, Davis TP Jr., et al. Risk factors for diarrhea in children under five years of age residing in peri-urban communities in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(6):1190-6. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0057 PMid:25311693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0057

Melese B, Paulos W, Astawesegn FH, Gelgelu TB. Prevalence of diarrheal diseases and associated factors among underfive children in Dale district, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1235. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7579-2 PMid:31492123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7579-2

Workie GY, Akalu TY, Baraki AG. Environmental factors affecting childhood diarrheal disease among under-five children in Jamma district, South Wello zone, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):804. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4445-x PMid:31519160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4445-x

Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: Prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10(1):95-104. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155 PMid:22149618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155

Waring SC, Brown BJ. The threat of communicable diseases following natural disasters: A public health response. Disaster Manag Response. 2005;3(2):41-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2005.02.003 PMid:15829908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2005.02.003

Primulyana S, Kern C, Lerner AH, Saing UB, Kunrat SL, Alfianti H, et al. Gas and ash emissions associated with the 2010-present activity of Sinabung Volcano, Indonesia. J Volcanol Geoth Res. 2019;382:184-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.018

Setiawan C, Muzani M, Warnadi W, A’Rachman F, Qismaraga Q. Analysis of land cover changes after the eruption of mount Sinabung using satellite imagery. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1042(2):022108. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022108

UNICEF, WHO. Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016.

Indonesia MPR. Petunjuk Teknis Gerakan Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan. In: Agriculture, editor. Jakarta: Indonesia MPR; 2016.

Diouf K, Tabatabai P, Rudolph J, Marx M. Diarrhoea prevalence in children under five years of age in rural Burundi: An assessment of social and behavioural factors at the household level. Glob Health Action. 2014;7(1):24895. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24895 PMid:25150028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24895

Kumi-Kyereme A, Amo-Adjei J. Household wealth, residential status and the incidence of diarrhoea among children under-five years in Ghana. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016;6(3):131-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.05.001 PMid:26070430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.05.001

Kemenkes R. Hasil Utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2018. p. 1-100.

Agustina R, Sari TP, Satroamidjojo S, Bovee-Oudenhoven IM, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ. Association of food-hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence among Indonesian young children from low socioeconomic urban areas.

BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):977. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-977 PMid:24138899 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S1

Komarulzaman A, Smits J, de Jong E. Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors. Glob Public Health. 2017;12(9):1141-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1127985 PMid:26758565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1127985

Nainggolan HL. The impact of the eruption of mount Sinabung on the socio-economic conditions of horticultural farmers in Karo regency. Sosiohumaniora. 2019;21(3):287-95. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v21i3.22382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v21i3.22382

Tampubolon J, Nainggolan H, Ginting A, Aritonang J. Mount Sinabung Eruption: Impact on Local Economy and Smallholder Farming in Karo Regency, North Sumatra. Paper Presented at: Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Singapore; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/178/1/012039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/178/1/012039

World Health Organization. Communicable Diseases Following Natural Disasters Risk assessment and Priority Interventions, Programme on Disease Control in Humanitarian Emergencies Communicable Diseases Cluster. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. Available from: http://www.whoint/diseasecontrol_emergencies/guidelines/cd_disasters_26_06pdf [Last accessed on 2012 Feb 01]. https://doi.org/10.2105/ccdm.2745.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/CCDM.2745.015

Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.060779 PMid:17370508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.060779

Suk JE, Vaughan EC, Cook RG, Semenza JC. Natural disasters and infectious disease in Europe: A literature review to identify cascading risk pathways. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(5):928-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz111. PMid:31169886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz111

Pourhosseini SS, Ardalan A, Mehrolhassani MH. Key aspects of providing healthcare services in disaster response stage. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(1):111-8. PMid:26060782

Joshi A, Amadi C. Impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on improving health outcomes among school children. J Environ Public Health. 2013;2013:984626. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/984626 PMid:24454415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/984626

Pickering AJ, Null C, Winch PJ, Mangwadu G, Arnold BF, Prendergast AJ, et al. The WASH Benefits and SHINE trials: Interpretation of WASH intervention effects on linear growth and diarrhoea. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1139-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30268-2 PMid:31303300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30268-2

Abuzerr S, Nasseri S, Yunesian M, Hadi M, Zinszer K, Mahvi AH, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors of acute diarrhea among children under five years in the Gaza Strip. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2020;10(1):111-23. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.072

Ehsan A, Saeed S, Ehsan F. Association of hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence in children: A comparative study among children of educated and uneducated mothers. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2019;69(3):617-24.

Lubis NDA, Amelia S, Arrasyid NK, Rozi MF. Modelling of risk factors associated with foodborne disease among school-aged children in Medan, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(19):3302-6. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.721 PMid:31949535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.721

Mshida HA, Kassim N, Kimanya ME, Mpolya E. Influence of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices on common infections among under-five children in Longido and Monduli districts of Arusha, Tanzania. J Environ Public Health. 2017;2017:9235168. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9235168 PMid:29147116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9235168

Ramanathan M, Vijayan B. Covariates of diarrhoea among under-five children in India: Are they level dependent? PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221200 PMid:31433822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221200

Mulatya DM, Ochieng C. Disease burden and risk factors of diarrhoea in children under five years: Evidence from Kenya’s demographic health survey 2014. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:359-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.003 PMid:32061860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.003

Sumampouw OJ, Nelwan JE, Rumayar AA. Socioeconomic factors associated with diarrhea among under-five children in Manado Coastal area, Indonesia. J Glob Infect Dis. 2019;11(4):140-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_105_18 PMid:31849434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_105_18

Mashoto KO, Malebo HM, Msisiri E, Peter E. Prevalence, one week incidence and knowledge on causes of diarrhea: Household survey of under-fives and adults in Mkuranga district, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):985. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-985 PMid:25241912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-985

Alam Z, Higuchi M, Sarker MA, Hamajima N. Mass media exposure and childhood diarrhea: A secondary analysis of the 2011 Bangladesh demographic and health survey. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2019;81(1):31-40. https://doi.org/10.18999/nagjms.81.1.31 PMid:30962653