The Burden of Penile Cancer in Bali Compared to Other Provinces in Indonesia
Penile Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7472Keywords:
Penile cancer, Incidence, Bali, IndonesiaAbstract
Objective: In Indonesia, 45% of the total penile cancer cases are concentrated in Bali province, where penile cancer is ranked as the most common cancer during 2013. However, the incidences of penile cancer in Bali and other provinces in Indonesia are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR), age-specific incidence rate (AR), and crude rate incidence (CRI) of penile cancer in Bali and other provinces in Indonesia.
Methods: The data were obtained from 11 provinces in Indonesia over a period of 10 years (2004-2013). The samples were 1032 new cases of penile cancer collected manually from the registry. ASR, AR, and CRI were calculated based on the number of new penile cancer cases per 100,000 men in a given province. Indonesian population standard was used to calculate the age-standardized incidence rate.
Result: There were variations on ASR, AR, and CRI for penile cancer in Indonesia. We found that the average CRI in Indonesia is 0.1 per 100,000 men. The incidence is found to be higher in Bali compared to other provinces. The average ASR in Bali is 2.1 per 100,000 men, CRI is 2.5 per 100,000 men, and the peak of AR being 12.9 per 100,000 men in the age group of 55-64 years old. The incidence of penile cancer is found to increase with age. In Bali, the peak incidence is in the 6th and 7th decades of life. The ASR and CRI of penile cancer in other provinces were less than 1 per 100,000 males.
Conclusion: The highest incidence of penile cancer is found in the Bali province compared to other provinces in Indonesia. This problem requires more serious attention and further research to identify the risk factors.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 PMid:30207593
Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA, Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA. Incidence of penile cancer worldwide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2018;41:e117. PMid:31384255
Cubilla AL, Amin MB, Ayala A, Ayala G, Chaux A, Corbishley C. Tumours of the penis, malignant epithelial tumours. In: WHO Clasification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs; 2016. p. 263.
Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, Teixeira-Júnior A, Lages J, Calixto J, et al. Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2965. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59831-5 PMid:32076037
Lagacé F, Ghazawi FM, Le M, Savin E, Zubarev A, Powell M, et al. Penile invasive squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of incidence, mortality trends, and geographic distribution in Canada. J Cutan Med Surg. 2020;24(2):124-8. http://doi.org/10.1177/1203475419888869 PMid:31722549
Korkes F, Rodrigues AF, Baccaglini W, Cunha FT, Slongo J, Spiess P, et al. Penile cancer trends and economic burden in the Brazilian public health system. Einstein (São Paulo). 2020;18:eAO5577. http://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5577 PMid:33174969
Hernandez BY, Barnholtz-Sloan J, German RR, Giuliano A, Goodman MT, King JB, et al. Burden of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in the United States, 1998-2003. Cancer. 2008;113(Suppl 10):2883-91. http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23743 PMid:18980292
Lestari DP, Armerinayanti NW, Lestari D, Armerinayanti N. Increasing trend of penile cancer cases in Bali compared to other regions in Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2018;434:8.
de Cássio Zequi S, Guimarães GC, da Fonseca FP, Ferreira U, de Matheus WE, Reis LO, et al. Sex with animals (SWA): Behavioral characteristics and possible association with penile cancer. A multicenter study. J Sex Med. 2012;9(7):1860-7. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02512.x PMid:22023719
Kristiansen S, Bjartling C, Svensson Å, Forslund O, Torbrand C. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia, penile cancer precursors and human papillomavirus prevalence in symptomatic preputium: A cross‐sectional study of 351 circumcised men in Sweden. BJU Int. 2021;127(4):428-34. http://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15221 PMid:32870593
Douglawi A. Updates on the epidemiology and risk factors for penile cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6(5):785-90. http://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.05.19 PMid:29184774
Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N. EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update. Eur Urol. 2015;67(1):142-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017 PMid:25457021
de Medeiros PF Jr., Silva EH, Moura KL, de Aquino YF, Weller M. Increased risk of penile cancer among men working in agriculture. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(1):237-41. http://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.1.237 PMid:29374407
Kusmawan E, Bowolaksono WR, Widiana R. The clinical features of penile cancer patients at sanglah general hospital Bali-Indonesia. Bali Med J. 2012;1(1):1-5.
Kirrander P. Swedish national penile cancer register: Incidence, tumour characteristics, management and survival. BJU Int. 2016;117(2):287-92. http://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12993 PMid:25395083
Cubilla AL. Pathology and Genetic, Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004. p. 281-90.
Gajalakshmi CK, Shanta V. Association between cervical and penile cancers in Madras, India. Acta Oncol (Madr). 1993;32(6):617-20. http://doi.org/10.3109/02841869309092439 PMid:8260177
Olesen TB, Sand FL, Rasmussen CL, Albieri V, Toft BG, Norrild B, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA and p16INK4a in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2019;20(1):145-58. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30682-X PMid:30573285
Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, Teixeira-Júnior A, Lages J, Calixto J, et al. Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2965. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59831-5 PMid:32076037
Lestari DP, Dewi SR, Armerinayanti NW. Strengthening the role of cadres and village midwives to support the cervical cancer awareness movement in Puhu Payangan village, Gianyar Bali, Indonesia. Indones J Community Engagem. 2021;7(1):41.
Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, Hislop TG, The CZ, Ashley RL, et al. History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(1):19-24. http://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.1.19 PMid:8380060
Ornellas AA, Ornellas P. Should routine neonatal circumcision be a police to prevent penile cancer? Opinion: Yes. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43(1):7-9.
Larke NL. Male circumcision and penile cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(8):1097-110. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9785-9 PMid:21695385
Hansen BT, Orumaa M, Lie AK, Brennhovd B, Nygård M. Trends in incidence, mortality and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma in Norway 1956-2015. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(8):1586-93. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31194 PMid:29205336
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 PMid:30207593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA, Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA. Incidence of penile cancer worldwide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2018;41:e117. PMid:31384255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.117
Cubilla AL, Amin MB, Ayala A, Ayala G, Chaux A, Corbishley C. Tumours of the penis, malignant epithelial tumours. In: WHO Clasification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs; 2016. p. 263.
Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, Teixeira-Júnior A, Lages J, Calixto J, et al. Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2965. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59831-5 PMid:32076037
Lagacé F, Ghazawi FM, Le M, Savin E, Zubarev A, Powell M, et al. Penile invasive squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of incidence, mortality trends, and geographic distribution in Canada. J Cutan Med Surg. 2020;24(2):124-8. http://doi.org/10.1177/1203475419888869 PMid:31722549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475419888869
Korkes F, Rodrigues AF, Baccaglini W, Cunha FT, Slongo J, Spiess P, et al. Penile cancer trends and economic burden in the Brazilian public health system. Einstein (São Paulo). 2020;18:eAO5577. http://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5577 PMid:33174969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5577
Hernandez BY, Barnholtz-Sloan J, German RR, Giuliano A, Goodman MT, King JB, et al. Burden of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in the United States, 1998-2003. Cancer. 2008;113(Suppl 10):2883-91. http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23743 PMid:18980292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23743
Lestari DP, Armerinayanti NW, Lestari D, Armerinayanti N. Increasing trend of penile cancer cases in Bali compared to other regions in Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2018;434:8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012156
de Cássio Zequi S, Guimarães GC, da Fonseca FP, Ferreira U, de Matheus WE, Reis LO, et al. Sex with animals (SWA): Behavioral characteristics and possible association with penile cancer. A multicenter study. J Sex Med. 2012;9(7):1860-7. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02512.x PMid:22023719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02512.x
Kristiansen S, Bjartling C, Svensson Å, Forslund O, Torbrand C. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia, penile cancer precursors and human papillomavirus prevalence in symptomatic preputium: A cross‐sectional study of 351 circumcised men in Sweden. BJU Int. 2021;127(4):428-34. http://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15221 PMid:32870593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15221
Douglawi A. Updates on the epidemiology and risk factors for penile cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6(5):785-90. http://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.05.19 PMid:29184774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.05.19
Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N. EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update. Eur Urol. 2015;67(1):142-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017 PMid:25457021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017
de Medeiros PF Jr., Silva EH, Moura KL, de Aquino YF, Weller M. Increased risk of penile cancer among men working in agriculture. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(1):237-41. http://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.1.237 PMid:29374407
Kusmawan E, Bowolaksono WR, Widiana R. The clinical features of penile cancer patients at sanglah general hospital Bali-Indonesia. Bali Med J. 2012;1(1):1-5.
Kirrander P. Swedish national penile cancer register: Incidence, tumour characteristics, management and survival. BJU Int. 2016;117(2):287-92. http://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12993 PMid:25395083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12993
Cubilla AL. Pathology and Genetic, Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004. p. 281-90.
Gajalakshmi CK, Shanta V. Association between cervical and penile cancers in Madras, India. Acta Oncol (Madr). 1993;32(6):617-20. http://doi.org/10.3109/02841869309092439 PMid:8260177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/02841869309092439
Olesen TB, Sand FL, Rasmussen CL, Albieri V, Toft BG, Norrild B, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA and p16INK4a in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2019;20(1):145-58. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30682-X PMid:30573285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30682-X
Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, Teixeira-Júnior A, Lages J, Calixto J, et al. Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2965. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59831-5 PMid:32076037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59831-5
Lestari DP, Dewi SR, Armerinayanti NW. Strengthening the role of cadres and village midwives to support the cervical cancer awareness movement in Puhu Payangan village, Gianyar Bali, Indonesia. Indones J Community Engagem. 2021;7(1):41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.43355
Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, Hislop TG, The CZ, Ashley RL, et al. History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(1):19-24. http://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.1.19 PMid:8380060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
Ornellas AA, Ornellas P. Should routine neonatal circumcision be a police to prevent penile cancer? Opinion: Yes. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43(1):7-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.01.03
Larke NL. Male circumcision and penile cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(8):1097-110. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9785-9 PMid:21695385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9785-9
Hansen BT, Orumaa M, Lie AK, Brennhovd B, Nygård M. Trends in incidence, mortality and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma in Norway 1956-2015. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(8):1586-93. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31194 PMid:29205336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31194
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Desak Putu Oki Lestari, I Nyoman Putu Riasa, Putu Kania Iswari Niramayah, Ni Wayan Armerinayanti, Putu Nita Cahyawati, Kartika Sari, Irianiwati Widodo, Rika Mubarika Haryana (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
