Differences in Heart Rate, Left Ventricular Wall Mass and Thickness, Diastolic Function, and Cardiac Output Index between Adolescent Athlete and Non-athlete Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7998Keywords:
Athlete, Abnormalities, Exercise induced, HeartAbstract
BACKGROUND: Changes in cardiac function and structure in adolescent athletes increase the population’s risk for sudden death. No studies in Bali, Indonesia, have examined changes in cardiac function and structure in adolescent athletes compared to non-athlete.
AIM: The objective of the study was to evaluate the cardiac function and anatomical structure of adolescent athletes.
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study of male adolescents aged 15–18 years at the high school of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan from September 2019 to November 2020, using consecutive sampling. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to assess differences in heart rate, mass and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, and diastolic function, while independent t-test was used to assess mean differences in the cardiac output index.
RESULTS: A total of 88 subjects participated in this study. Heart rate in adolescent athletes was found to be slower than in non-athlete, with a median of 63.5 (range 46–107) beats per minute (p < 0.001). The mass and thickness of the LV (interventricular septum) in adolescent athletes were greater than non-athlete with a median value of 149.61 (range 101.02–280.80) g and 9 (range 6–12) mm with p < 0.001 and 0.005, respectively. There was no significant difference in diastolic function and cardiac output index among adolescent athletes compared to non-athlete.
CONCLUSION: Significant structural changes of the heart were observed in adolescent athletes (mass and thickness of the interventricular septum wall) but not in the function of the heart (diastolic function and cardiac output index). Adolescent athletes have a significantly slower heart rate than non-athlete.Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.03.002 PMid:14662259
Ostman-Smith I. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Open Access J Sports Med. 2011;2:85-97. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s10675 PMid:24198575
Park MK. The Pediatric Cardiology Handbook. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2010.
Kaunang ED, Metusala JG, Wahani AM. Left ventricular mass in male adolescent athletes and non-athletes. Paediatr Indones 2014;54(5):305-8. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi54.5.2014.305-8
Foryst-Ludwig A, Kintscher U. Sex differences in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Pflugers Arch. 2013;465(5):731-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-013-1225-0 PMid:23417601
Janz KF, Dawson JD, Mahoney LT. Predicting heart growth during puberty: The muscatine study. Pediatrics. 2000;105(5):E63. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.5.e63 PMid:10799627
McClean G, Riding NR, Ardern CL, Farooq A, Pieles GE, Watt V, et al. Electrical and structural adaptations of the paediatric athlete’s heart: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;52(4):230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097052 PMid:28363973
Malhotra VK, Singh N, Bishnoi RS, Chadha DS, Bhardwaj P, Madan H, et al. The prevalence of abnormal ECG in trained sportsmen. Med J Armed Forces India. 2015;71(4):324-9. https://doi.org/1016/j.mjafi.2015.06.010 PMid:26663958
Papadakis M, Basavarajaiah S, Rawlins J, Edwards C, Makan J, Firoozi S, et al. Prevalence and significance of T-wave inversions in predominantly caucasian adolescent athletes. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(14):1728-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp164 PMid:19429915
Cheng S, Keyes MJ, Larson MG, McCabe EL, Newton-Cheh C, Levy D, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2571-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.888 PMid:19549974
Langdeau JB, Blier L, Turcotte H, O’Hara G, Boulet LP. Electrocardiographic findings in athletes: The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and conduction defects. Can J Cardiol. 2001;17(6):655-9. PMid:11420576
Wilson MG, Chatard JC, Carre F, Hamilton B, Whyte GP, Sharma S, et al. Prevalence of electrocardiograpic abnormalities in West-Asian and African male athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):341-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.082743 PMid:21596717
Sharma S, Whyte G, Elliott P, Padula M, Kaushal R, Mahon N, et al. Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained junior elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33(5):319-24. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.33.5.319 PMid:10522633
Angoorani H, Haghi M. Electrocardiography finding in Iranian premier league football players. G Medical J. 2015;4(4):151-8. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v4i4.381
Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Naghavi R, Whyte G, Turner M, Sharma S. Physiological upper limits of left ventricular dimensions in highly trained junior tennis players. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(11):784-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033993 PMid:17957014
Vinereanu D, Florescu N, Sculthcorpe N, Tweddel AC, Stephens MR, Fraser AG. Differentiation between pathologic and physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy by tissue doppler assessment of long-axis function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or systemic hypertension and in athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(1):53-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01585-5 PMid:11423058
Pluim BM, Zwindernan AH, Van der-Laarse A, Van-der-Wall EE. The athlete’s heart: Meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000;101(3):336-44. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.3.336 PMid:10645932
Lee BA, Oh DJ. The effects of long-term aerobic exercise on cardiac structure, stroke volume of the left ventricle, and cardiac output. J Exerc Rehabil. 2016;12(1):37-41. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.150261 PMid:26933658
Hoogsteen J, Hoogeveen A, Schaffers H, Wijn PF, Van-Hemel NM, Van-der-Wall EE. Myocardial adaptation in different endurance sports: An echocardiographic study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2004;20(1):19-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:caim.0000013160.79903.19 PMid:15055817
Sharma VK, Subramanian SK, Arunachalam V, Rajendran R. Heart rate variability in adolescent-normative data stratified by sex and physical activity. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(10):CC08-13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/15373.6662 PMid:26557514
Makan J, Sharma S, Firoozi S, Jackson PG, Mckenna WJ. Physiological upper limit of ventricular cavity size in highly trained adolescent athletes. Heart. 2005;91(4):495-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.035121 PMid:15772210
Galanti G, Stefani L, Mascherini G, Di-Tante V, Toncelli L. Left ventricular remodelling and the athlete’s heart, irrespective of quality load training. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2016;14(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-016-0088-x PMid:27855701
Morlin MT, Da-Cruz CJ, Silvestre Melo PB, Lopes GH, Soares ED, Porto LG, et al. Bradycardia in athletes: Does the type of sport make any difference?-a systematic review. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2020;26(5):449-53. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202026052019_0001
Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP. Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Med. 2003;33(1):33-46. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003 PMid:12477376
Moro AS, Okoshi MP, Padovani CR, Okoshi K. Doppler echocardiography in athletes from different sports. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:187-93. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.883829 PMid:23478754
Pela G, Crocamo A, Li-Calzi M, Gianfreda M, Gioia MI, Visioli F, et al. Sex-related differences in left ventricular structure in early adolescent non-professional athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(7):777-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487315608826 PMid:26405258
Moneghetti KJ, Singh T, Hedmann K, Christie JW, Kooreman Z, Kobayashi Y, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular remodelling in American style footballers. Int J Sports Med. 2019;41(1):27-35. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1014-2994 PMid:31791086
Francavilla CV, Sessa F, Salerno M, Albano GD, Villano I, Messina G, et al. Influence of football on physiological cardiac indexes in professional and young athletes. Front Physiol. 2018;9:153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00153 PMid:29541036
Neri SG, Boddi M, Modesti PA, Cecioni L, Coppo M, Padeletti L, et al. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and insulin-like growth factor-I formation are associated with physiological hypertrophy in athletes. Circ Res. 2001;89(11):977-82. https://doi.org/10.1161/hh2301.100982 PMid:11717153
Carlson M, Anderson R, Bloch KM, Steding-Ehrenborg K, Mosen H, Stahlberg F, et al. Cardiac output and cardiac index measured with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in healthy subject, elite athletes and patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-14-51 PMid:22839436
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie, Ida Ayu Putu Purnamawati, Dyah Kanya Wati, Ketut Ariawati, Gusti Ngurah Sanjaya Putra, Wayan Gustawan, Eka Gunawijaya (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0