Gender Differences in Anatomic Variations of the Sternum Assessed by Multidetector CT Scan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8103Keywords:
Sternum, Variants, CT scanAbstract
Several anatomic variants can be recognized during imaging of the chest, some can be confused with pathology or have adverse consequences when attempting certain surgical procedures through the sternum. Aim: To assess sternal anatomic variations in adults and to evaluate gender differences in the frequency of these variants. Methods: Patient referred for chest CT scan were enrolled in the study. Analysis of the images was performed after post processing. Selected anatomic variations of the sternum were recorded. Analysis of the gender differences in the frequency of these variants was done. Results: The study included 817 patients with mean age of 48.5 ±16.32. Men represented 53.7% of the study population and women 46.3%. Most variants were detected in the xiphoid and the most frequent of these were xiphoid foramina. Total ossification of the xiphoid was seen in ventrally deviated xiphoid and xiphoid foramina were significantly higher in men than in women. Conclusion: The xiphoid process is the most likely segment of the sternum to have variations. There was no significant gender difference in the frequency of most sternal variants except xiphoid ossification, xiphoid foramina and elongated-ventrally deviated xiphoid.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. United States: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
Coward K, Wells D, editors. Textbook of Clinical Embryology. Cambridge: University Press; 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192736
Yekeler E, Tunaci M, Tunaci A, Dursun M, Acunas G. Frequency of sternal variations and anomalies evaluated by MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(4):956-60. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1779 PMid:16554563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1779
Lachkar S, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS. An elongated dorsally curved xiphoid process. Anat Cell Biol. 2019;52(1):102-4. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2019.52.1.102 PMid:30984463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2019.52.1.102
Mashriqi F, D’Antoni AV, Tubbs RS. Xiphoid process variations: A review with an extremely unusual case report. Cureus. 2017;9(8):e1613. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1613 PMid:29098125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1613
Fujita H, Nishimura S, Oyama K. Retrospective study on CT findings on the sternal bone after bone marrow aspiration procedure in hematological patients. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2009;50(12):1687-91. PMid:20068275
Duraikannu C, Noronha OV, Sundarrajan P. MDCT evaluation of sternal variations: Pictorial essay. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2016;26(2):185-94. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.184407 PMid:27413263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.184407
Chun KJ, Lee SG, Son BS, Kim DH. Life-threatening cardiac tamponade: A rare complication of acupuncture. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;9:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-9-61 PMid:24685234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-9-61
Babinski MA, Rafael FA, Steil AD, Sousa-Rodrigues CF, Sgrott EA. de Paula RC. High prevalence of sternal foramen: Quantitative, anatomical analysis and its clinical implications in acupuncture practice. Int J Morphol. 2012;30(3):1042-9. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022012000300045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022012000300045
Akin K, Kosehan D, Topcu A, Koktener A. Anatomic evaluation of the xiphoid process with 64-row multidetector computed tomography. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40(4):447-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-010-1022-1 PMid:20721551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-010-1022-1
Bayaroğulları H, Yengil E, Davran R, Ağlagül E, Karazincir S, Balcı A. Evaluation of the postnatal development of the sternum and sternal variations using multidetector CT. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2014;20(1):82-9. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2013.13121 PMid:24100061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2013.13121
Leite VM, de Souza Plácido CF, Gusmão CL, Soriano EP, Almeida AC, Antunes AA, et al. Sternal variation: Anatomical-forensic analysis. Int Arch Med. 2020;13:1-12. https://doi.org/10.3823/2626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3823/2626
Selthofer R, Nikolić V, Mrcela T, Radić R, Leksan I, Rudez I, et al. Morphometric analysis of the sternum. Coll Antropol. 2006;30(1):43-7. PMid:16617574
Babinski MA, Lemos L, Babinski MS, Gonçalves MD. Frequency of sternal foramen evaluated by MDCT: A minor variation of great relevance. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015;37(3):287-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-014-1339-x PMid:25023390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-014-1339-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Noor Kathem, Noor Abbas Hummadi Fayadh, Ahmed Al-Ali, Hussein Al-Siraj (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0