Are Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Depression in Early Adolescence? An Ecological Analysis Approach Using GEAS Baseline Data 2018 in Indonesia

Mustikaningtyas Mustikaningtyas; Anggriyani Wahyu Pinandari; Diana Setiyawati; Siswanto Agus Wilopo

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.8210

Authors

Mustikaningtyas Mustikaningtyas Student of Doctoral Program Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; National Population and Family Planning Board of Indonesia, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Anggriyani Wahyu Pinandari Center of Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Diana Setiyawati Center of Public Mental Health, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Siswanto Agus Wilopo Center of Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8210

Keywords:

Adolescent, Depression, Adverse childhood experiences, Social-ecological model

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Child and adolescent violence and harassment have frequently happened in Indonesia in the past 5 years. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) at an early age involve traumatic events, which can cause long-term negative effects on mental health and well-being.

AIM: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the correlation between ACEs and depressive symptoms among early adolescents in Indonesia.

METHODS: Using Indonesia’s Global Early Adolescent Study (GEAS), data analysis included 4684 early adolescents with 2207 boys and 2477 girls from three sites: Semarang, Lampung, and Bali. Depressive symptoms were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine how ACEs, individual, family, and peer-level predictors predict depressive symptoms with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS: Nearly 80% of adolescents have experienced at least one ACE; the prevalence of experiencing depressive symptoms in boys and girls was closely similar. Adolescents with ACEs were two times more likely to have depressive symptoms (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.70−2.38). Among the family-level predictors, only wealth was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. All variables in peer-level predictors including communication with peers, peer perception of having sex, and dating through unadjusted until adjusted models significantly predict depressive symptoms, (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20−1.61), (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.14−2.91), and (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02−1.36), respectively. After adjusting with individual, family, and peer-level, only sex, wealth, and peer-level variables were associated with depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION: ACEs strongly predict depression when the analysis was adjusted for social-ecological predictors. Recognition of the significant roles of family and peer-level predictors is important to improve adolescent health and well-being.

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