Chronic Prostatitis: Impact of Lifestyle, Infection, and Inflammation on Semen Parameters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8230Keywords:
Chronic prostatitis, Infection, Inflammation, Seminal quality, LifestyleAbstract
Chronic prostatitis is a widespread disease of the prostate affecting men’s sexual and reproductive health worldwide. Its leading causes are urogenital tract infections by microorganisms with a prostate tropism. This study aimed to evaluate semen parameters and the factors associated (lifestyle, urogenital infections, and inflammation) with the onset of chronic prostatitis symptoms. This case-control study included seventy-six donors: 30 volunteers with chronic prostatitis and 46 asymptomatic volunteers for urogenital infections as a control group. Sociodemographic, urinary symptoms, pain location, sexual and reproductive health and lifestyle-related variables were collected in a survey. Seminal quality, cytokine levels in semen and serum, and the presence of nineteen microorganisms in the urogenital tract were evaluated. Prostatitis was also associated with poor sperm morphology, more lipoperoxidation of the sperm membrane, and lower serum nitric oxide concentration. In addition, N. gonorrhoeae infection was detected more frequently in semen samples from volunteers with chronic prostatitis. Volunteers with chronic prostatitis report more frequently erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation, anxiety, depression, and stress compared to the control group. Chronic prostate infections alter the microbiota from the genitourinary tract causing prostatitis, a disease that affects all life areas, including the familiar environment of patients. Chronic prostatitis affects seminal parameters, with a great impact on life quality and sexual and reproductive health. Despite being a relatively unexplored disease, much remains to be clarified regarding its diagnosis and treatment. Alterations in the genitourinary microbiota can favor sexually transmitted infections that produce chronic and systemic inflammation.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Puhr M, De Marzo A, Isaacs W, Lucia MS, Sfanos K, Yegnasubramanian S, et al. Inflammation, Microbiota, and Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Focus. 2016;2(4):374-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.010 PMid:28723469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.010
Gimenes F, Souza RP, Bento JC, Teixeira JJ, Maria-Engler SS, Bonini MG, et al. Male infertility: A public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11(12):672-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2014.285
Gaspar A, Silva J, Silva G, Anchelerguez R, Prats J, Sagaz A, et al. Nonablative transurethral Erbium: YAG laser treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective comparative study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020;40(1):278-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24551 PMid:33170523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24551
Zhao Q, Yang F, Meng L, Chen D, Wang M, Lu X, et al. Lycopene attenuates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via the interaction of NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats. Andrology. 2020;8(3):747-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12747 PMid:31880092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12747
Nickel JC. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: It is time to change our management and research strategy. BJU Int. 2020;125(4):479-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15036 PMid:32250053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15036
Motrich RD, Breser ML, Molina RI, Tissera A, Olmedo JJ, Rivero VE. Patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome show T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 self-reactive immune responses specific to prostate and seminal antigens and diminished semen quality. BJU Int. 2020;126(3):379-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15117 PMid:32437049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15117
Videcnik Zorman J, Maticic M, Jeverica S, Smrkolj T. Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2015;24(2):25-9. https://doi.org/10.15570/actaapa.2015.8 PMid:26086164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15570/actaapa.2015.8
Chen J, Zhang H, Niu D, Li H, Wei K, Zhang L, et al. The risk factors related to the severity of pain in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. BMC Urol. 2020;20(1):154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00729-9 PMid:33028277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00729-9
Fu E, Cheng CM, Chung CH, Lee WC, Chen WL, Sun GH, et al. Association of chronic periodontitis with prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Periodontol. 2021;92(1):72-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.19-0706 PMid:32627845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.19-0706
Aglamis E, Ceylan C, Akin MM. Is there a correlation between the aggressiveness of chronic asymptomatic prostatitis National Institutes of Health category IV and the Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer? Can Urol Assoc J. 2020;14(11):E568-73. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.6284 PMid:32520704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.6284
Liu Y, Mikrani R, Xie D, Wazir J, Shrestha S, Ullah R, et al. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostate cancer: Study of immune cells and cytokines. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2020;34(2):160-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12517 PMid:31642541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12517
Xu Y, Zhang L, Shen Y, Yao H, Yong S, You Y. Effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(39):e22151. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022151 PMid:32991409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022151
Eslahi A, Farpour H, Hosseini A, Ahmed F, Chowdhury U, Nikbakht HA. Evaluation of the sympathetic skin response in men with chronic prostatitis: A case-control study. Res Rep Urol. 2020;12:239-45. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S253101 PMid:32754453 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S253101
Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ, Nickel JC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, et al. The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: Development and validation of a new outcome measure. J Urol. 1999;162(2):369-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68562-x PMid:10411041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)68562-X
Collins MM, O’leary MP, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, Adler A, Eremenco S, et al. The spanish national institutes of health-chronic prostatitis symptom index: translation and linguistic validation. J Urol. 2001;166(5):1800-3. PMid:11586227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65678-9
Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D, Clark J. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index. J Urol. 2001;165(3):842-5. PMid:11176483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66541-X
Montes LZ, Mejia AA, Munarriz CA, Gutierrez EC. Semen and urine culture in the diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int Braz J Urol. 2008;34(1):30-7; discussion 8-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-55382008000100006 PMid:18341719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382008000100006
World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Cardona-Maya W, Berdugo J, Cadavid A. CComparing the sperm concentration determined by the makler and the neubauer chambers. Actas Urol Esp. 2008;32(4):443-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(08)73860-9
Mayorga-Torres B, Cardona-Maya W, Cadavid A, Camargo M. Evaluation of sperm functional parameters in normozoospermic infertile individuals. Actas Urol Esp. 2013;37(4):221-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuro.2012.06.008 PMid:23246107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2012.06.007
Martinez-Pastor F, Mata-Campuzano M, Alvarez- Rodriguez M, Alvarez M, Anel L, de Paz P. Probes and techniques for sperm evaluation by flow cytometry. Reprod Domest Anim. 2010;45(Suppl 2):67-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01622.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01622.x
Evenson DP, Larson KL, Jost LK. Sperm chromatin structure assay: Its clinical use for detecting sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility and comparisons with other techniques. J Androl. 2002;23(1):25-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x PMid:11780920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x
Aitken RJ, Wingate JK, De Iuliis GN, McLaughlin EA. Analysis of lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa using BODIPY C11. Mol Human Reprod. 2007;13(4):203-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gal119 PMid:17327268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gal119
Gil-Villa AM, Cardona-Maya W, Agarwal A, Sharma R, Cadavid Á. Assessment of sperm factors possibly involved in early recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1465-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.042 PMid:19540481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.042
Serafini M, Maiani G, Ferro-Luzzi A. Alcohol-free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J Nutr. 1998;128(6):1003-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.6.1003 PMid:9614160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.6.1003
Súarez JP, Maya WD. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen samples: Effects on sperm quality. Urol Colombiana. 2016; 25(3):219-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uroco.2016.02.008
Rivera VV, Maya WD, Suárez JP. The relationship between sexually transmitted bacteria, microbiota and seminal quality in asymptomatic men. Asian J Urol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2021.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2021.09.004
Schmittgen TD, Zakrajsek BA, Mills AG, Gorn V, Singer MJ, Reed MW. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: Comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Anal Biochem. 2000;285(2):194-204. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2000.4753 PMid:11017702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2000.4753
Gimenes F, Medina FS, de Abreu AL, Irie MM, Esquiçati IB, Malagutti N, et al. Sensitive simultaneous detection of seven sexually transmitted agents in semen by multiplex-PCR and of HPV by single PCR. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98862. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098862 PMid:24921247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098862
Lee C, Kim J, Shin SG, Hwang S. Absolute and relative QPCR quantification of plasmid copy number in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol. 2006;123(3):273-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.11.014 PMid:16388869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.11.014
Anbazhagan D, Mui WS, Mansor M, Yan GO, Yusof MY, Sekaran SD. Development of conventional and real-time multiplex PCR assays for the detection of nosocomial pathogens. Braz J Microbiol. 2011;42(2):448-58. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000200006 PMid:24031653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000200006
Fu C, Carter J, Li Y, Porter J, Kerley M. Comparison of agar plate and real‐time PCR on enumeration of Lactobacillus, Clostridium perfringens and total anaerobic bacteria in dog faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;42(5):490-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01893.x PMid:16620208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01893.x
Kulkarni G, Gohil K, Misra V, Kakrani AL, Misra SP, Patole M, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of Ochrobactrum spp. isolated from gastric niche. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10(2):201-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.013 PMid:27287730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.013
Vandecasteele S, Peetermans W, Merckx R, Van Eldere J. Quantification of expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis housekeeping genes with Taqman quantitative PCR during in vitro growth and under different conditions. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(24):7094-101. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.24.7094-7101.2001 PMid:11717267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.24.7094-7101.2001
Kong F, Ma L, Gilbert GL. Simultaneous detection and serotype identification of Streptococcus agalactiae using multiplex PCR and reverse line blot hybridization. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(12):1133-8. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46244-0 PMid:16278425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46244-0
Kais M, Spindler C, Kalin M, Örtqvist Å, Giske CG. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract samples by real-time PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55(3):169-78. PMid:16626914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.01.007
Zhao X, He X, Li H, Zhao J, Huang S, Liu W, et al. Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes using rapid visual molecular assay. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2015;362(18):fnv148. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv148 PMid:26319025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv148
Frank JA, Reich CI, Sharma S, Weisbaum JS, Wilson BA, Olsen GJ. Critical evaluation of two primers commonly used for amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(8):2461-70. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02272-07 PMid:18296538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02272-07
Tapia JR, Torres MC, Olea MS, Preval NR. Prevalencia de Ureaplasma urealyticum en mujeres. Rev Mex Patol Clin. 2004;51(1):33-6.
Zhang J, Liang C, Shang X, Li H. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A disease or symptom? Current perspectives on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Am J Mens Health. 2020;14(1):1557988320903200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320903200
CoSkun A, Can U, Tarhan F, KavukoGlu O, Narter KF. Reliability and validity of the national institute of health chronic prostatitis symptom index quastionnaire in Turkish population. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;51(2):501-7. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2001-231 PMid:32927926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2001-231
Zhang K, Guo RQ, Chen SW, Chen B, Xue XB, Chen S, et al. The efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract for the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. World J Urol. 2021;39(9):3489-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03577-2 PMid:33452912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03577-2
Stamatiou K, Magri V, Perletti G, Samara E, Christopoulos G, Trinchieri A. How urologists deal with chronic prostatitis? The preliminary results of a Mediterranean survey. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2020;92(4):353. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2020.4.353 PMid:33348966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2020.4.353
Li G, Chang D, Chen D, Zhang P, You Y, Huang X, et al. Efficacy of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A protocol for systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(44):e22981. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022981 PMid:33126371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022981
Zhu D, Dou X, Tang L, Tang D, Liao G, Fang W, et al. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms and outcomes of NIH-CPSI in outpatients with lifelong and acquired PE: Based on a large cross-sectional study in China. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3473796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3473796
Li HJ, Kang DY. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A meta-analysis. World J Urol. 2016;34(7):1009-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1720-3 PMid:26546073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1720-3
Birowo P, Rangganata E, Rasyid N, Atmoko W. Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0244295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244295 PMid:33370372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244295
Li XC, Zhang XB, Liao ZC, Tang ZY, Li DJ. Is mild erectile dysfunction associated with severe psychological symptoms in Chinese patients with moderate-to-severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome? Asian J Androl. 2021;23(3):319-24. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_71_20 PMid:33208565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_71_20
Wang GC, Huang TR, Hu YY, Wang KY, Shi H, Yin L, et al. Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell dysfunction and phenotype transformation are related to erectile dysfunction in prostatitis rats with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Inflamm (Lond). 2020;17:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-019-0233-z PMid:31911760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-019-0233-z
Cui X, Naveed M, Baig M, Wang W, Mikrani R, Liu Z, et al. Therapeutic effects of Qianlie Tongli decoction on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome induced by peptide T2 in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020;72(10):1436-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13325 PMid:32648958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13325
Hiramatsu I, Tsujimura A, Soejima M, Yoshiyama A, Nagashima Y, Ishikawa K, et al. Tadalafil is sufficiently effective for severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Urol. 2020;27(1):53-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.14122 PMid:31587411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.14122
Su ZT, Zenilman JM, Sfanos KS, Herati AS. Management of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Curr Urol Rep. 2020;21(7):29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-020-00978-z PMid:32488742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-020-00978-z
Aragon IM, Herrera-Imbroda B, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Castillo E, Del Moral JS, Gomez-Millan J, et al. The urinary tract microbiome in health and disease. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(1):128-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.001 PMid:28753805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.001
Suskind AM, Berry SH, Ewing BA, Elliott MN, Suttorp MJ, Clemens JQ. The prevalence and overlap of interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: Results of the RAND interstitial cystitis epidemiology male study. J Urol. 2013;189(1):141-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.088 PMid:23164386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.088
Horner PJ, Martin DH. Mycoplasma genitalium infection in men. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(Suppl 2):S396-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix145
Farahani L, Tharakan T, Yap T, Ramsay J, Jayasena C, Minhas S. The semen microbiome and its impact on sperm function and male fertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Andrology. 2021;9(1):115-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12886 PMid:32794312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12886
Bielecki R, Ostaszewska-Puchalska I, Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Baltaziak M, Skawronska M, Sokolowska M. The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men with chronic prostatitis. Cent Eur J Urol. 2020;73(3):362-8. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2020.0040 PMid:33133666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2020.0040
Jain P, Ghosh A, Jana D, Pal DK. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome/ chronic prostatitis: Is it related to human papillomavirus infection? A case-control study from Eastern India. Urologia. 2020;87(3):137-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0391560319899848 PMid:31942836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0391560319899848
Ho DR, Chang PJ, Lin WY, Huang YC, Lin JH, Huang KT, et al. Beneficial effects of inflammatory cytokine-targeting aptamers in an animal model of chronic prostatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113953 PMid:32486412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113953
Tanner MA, Shoskes D, Shahed A, Pace NR. Prevalence of corynebacterial 16S rRNA sequences in patients with bacterial and “nonbacterial” prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(6):1863-70. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.6.1863-1870.1999 PMid:10325338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.6.1863-1870.1999
Budia A, Palmero JL, Broseta E, Tejadillos S, Benedicto A, Queipo JA, et al. Value of semen culture in the diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis: A simplified method. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(4):326-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590600748247 PMid:16916775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590600748247
Holmes K, Stamm W, Piot P, Wasserheit J, Corey L, Cohen M. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008.
Murphy SF, Schaeffer AJ, Done J, Wong L, Bell-Cohn A, Roman K, et al. IL17 mediates pelvic pain in experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP). PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125623 PMid:25933188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125623
Zhang LG, Chen J, Meng JL, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhan CS, et al. Effect of alcohol on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis. Prostate. 2019;79(12):1439-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23866 PMid:31233226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23866
Zhang Q, Liu S, Parajuli KR, Zhang W, Zhang K, Mo Z, et al. Interleukin-17 promotes prostate cancer via MMP7- induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. 2017;36(5):687-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.240 PMid:27375020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.240
You Z, Guo N, Shen G, Zhang Y, Moustafa AA, Ge D. Interleukin-17 promotes migration and invasion of human cancer cells through upregulation of MTA1 expression. Front Oncol. 2019;9:546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00546 PMid:31281798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00546
Castiglione R, Salemi M, Vicari LO, Vicari E. Relationship of semen hyperviscosity with IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and ROS production in seminal plasma of infertile patients with prostatitis and prostato-vesiculitis. Andrologia. 2014;46(10):1148-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12207 PMid:24329571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12207
Liang W, Wu Z, Zhang G, Chen W, Hu X, Yang J, et al. A urine-based biomarker for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A retrospective multi-center study. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(5):2218-26. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau-20-1268 PMid:33209686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/tau-20-1268
Peng X, Guo H, Chen J, Wang J, Huang J. The effect of pirfenidone on rat chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and its mechanisms. Prostate. 2020;80(12):917-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23995 PMid:32569423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23995
Zhang M, Liu Y, Chen J, Chen L, Meng J, Yang C, et al. Single-cell multi-omics analysis presents the landscape of peripheral blood T-cell subsets in human chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(23):14099-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16021 PMid:33124198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16021
Liu J, Yu J, Peng X. Poria cocos polysaccharides alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis by preventing oxidative stress, regulating hormone production, modifying gut microbiota, and remodeling the DNA methylome. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(45):12661-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05943
Hao ZY, Li HJ, Wang ZP, Xing JP, Hu WL, Zhang TF, et al. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its relation to chronic prostatitis in Chinese men. J Androl. 2011;32(5):496-501. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.110.012138 PMid:21233394 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.110.012138
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jenniffer Puerta Suárez, Valentina Velázquez Rivera, Mateo Morales, Angela M. Alvarez, Alejandro Carvajal, Walter D. Cardona Maya (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
