Recognition of Pathogens and Their Inflammatory Signaling Events

Ruqaih Alghsham; Zafar Rasheed; Ali Shariq; Abdullah S. Alkhamiss; Fahad A. Alhumaydhi; Abdullah S. M. Aljohani; Sami A. Althwab; Ahmad Alshomar; Homaidan T. Alhomaidan; Essam M. Hamad; Thamir Alsaeed; Rana Alghamdi; Waleed Al Abdulmonem

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9184

Authors

Ruqaih Alghsham Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Zafar Rasheed Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Ali Shariq Departments of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah S. Alkhamiss Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Fahad A. Alhumaydhi Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah S. M. Aljohani Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Sami A. Althwab Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad Alshomar Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Homaidan T. Alhomaidan Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Essam M. Hamad Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Thamir Alsaeed Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
Rana Alghamdi Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Waleed Al Abdulmonem Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9184

Keywords:

Pathogens, Innate immune system, Signaling, PRPs, Pathogen signal recognition, TLRs

Abstract

The innate immune system is the main and first line of defense mechanism present in the human body, which acts against a foreign antigen. To function it utilize several mechanisms, among those are the primary one is recognizing the foreign antigen which is accomplished via decidedly complicated group of molecules termed as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which perceive various diverse structures present on the pathogen known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRPs include several classes of receptors’, functions, and nature of these receptors vary from each other depending upon the molecular composition of PAMPs they detect. However, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the class of PRPs, which are studied widely. In this review, we have presented the contemporary understanding of pathogens recognition by various receptor classes including PRRs. In addition, we also discuss PRPs associated signaling pathways associated with antimicrobial immune response triggering.

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