Correlation between Catch-up Growth in Early Childhood with Cognitive Ability among School-Aged Children (10–12 Years): A Longitudinal Study

Avliya Quratul Marjan; Ratu Sartika

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9463

Authors

Avliya Quratul Marjan Public Health Science Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-9653
Ratu Sartika Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-7625

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9463

Keywords:

Catch-up growth, Cognitive ability, Early childhood, Stunting

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Children’s cognitive abilities are influenced by the nutritional condition of children in early childhood. Catch-up growth in early childhood affects cognitive abilities at school age.

AIM: This study aims to analyze the effect of catch-up growth in early childhood on the cognitive abilities of school-aged children in Indonesia.

METHODS: This study was a cohort study incorporating 10 years of follow-up using three waves of secondary data (1997, 2000, and 2007) from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Research studies and data analysis were carried out from April to September 2021. The initial data collection of the study was conducted in 1997 when the children were 0–23 months old, then followed in 2000 (age 3–5 years) and 2007 (age 10–12 years). The study subjects were 537 children aged 0–23 months in 1997. Cognitive ability was measured using the Raven Progressive Matrices method. Statistical analysis for cognitive ability scores with catch-up growth was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis using the generalized linear model.

RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the cognitive ability scores of normal children and stunted children who did not experience catch-up growth (p<0.001), but the cognitive scores of normal children are not significantly different from the stunting catch-up growth group. Other factors that affect the cognitive ability score were as follows: (1) Child factors consist of child stunting status, head circumference, hemoglobin levels, duration of breastfeeding, and complete basic immunization history; (2) parental factors such as father’s occupation, parental education, and number of parity; (3) household socioeconomic factors (household income and wealth index); and (4) environmental factors (housing area, father’s smoking habit, defecation facilities, and household drinking water sources).

CONCLUSION: Cognitive abilities of school-age children were most influenced by catch-up growth, stunting status, duration of breastfeeding, number of parity, father’s education, father’s occupation, and father’s smoking habit. Children who experience catch-up growth have better cognitive abilities than stunted non-catch-up group or who experience stunting during early life.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Achadi EL, Achadi A, Anindhita T. Stunting Prevention Importance of the First 1000 Days of Life. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada; 2020.

Indonesian Ministry of Health. Indonesian Basic Health Research Report (Riskesdas) 2018. 2018 Basic Health Research. Indonesia: Indonesian Ministry of Health; 2018. p. 182-3.

The National Team for the Acceleration oF Poverty (TNP2K). TNP2K Series. Vol 01/No.01. Jakarta: TNP2K.2020. The National Team for the Acceleration OF Poverty; 2020.

Rao N, Sun J, Wong J, Weekes B, Ip P, Shaeffer S, et al. Early Childhood Development and Cognitive Development in Developing Countries: A Rigorous Literature Review; 2014. p. 1-100. Available from: http://cerc.edu.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/ECD-review.pdf [Last accessed on 2021 Aug 20].

World Bank Group, Bank Dunia KUP. Perkembangan, Potret Usia, Anak. United States: World Bank Group; 2010. p. 4-7.

OECD. PISA 2018 Results (Volume IV): Are Students Smart about Money? Paris: PISA, OECD; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/48ebd1ba-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/48ebd1ba-en

Minh L, Lissner L, Ascher H. Overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting observed over 3 years in Vietnamese children. Glob Health Action. 2018;11(1):1517932. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1517932 PMid:30253704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1517932

Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, De Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X

Campisi SC, Carducci B, Söder O, Bhutta ZA. The Intricate Relationship between Chronic Undernutrition, Impaired Linear Growth and Delayed Puberty : Is “Catch-Up” Growth Possible During Adolescence ? Innocenti Working Papers WP-2018-12; 2018. p. 1-31. Available from: https://www.unicef-irc.org. [Last accessed on 2021 Aug 20].

Prendergast AJ, Humphrey JH. The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2014;34(4):250-65. https://doi.org/10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000158 PMid:25310000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000158

Casale D, Desmond C, Richter LM. Catch-up growth in height and cognitive function: Why definitions matter. Econ Hum Biol. 2020;37:100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100853 PMid:32036257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100853

Crookston BT, Penny ME, Alder SC, Dickerson TT, Merrill RM, Stanford JB, et al. Children who recover from early stunting and children who are not stunted demonstrate similar levels of cognition. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):1996-2001. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.118927 PMid:20844188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.118927

Gu H, Wang L, Liu L, Luo X, Wang J, Hou F, et al. A gradient relationship between low birth weight and IQ: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18234-9 PMid:29269836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18234-9

Casale D, Desmond C. Recovery from stunting and cognitive outcomes in young children: Evidence from the South African birth to twenty cohort study. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2015;7(2):163-71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174415007175 PMid:26399543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174415007175

Shehata GA. Childhood cognitive impairment. Acta Psychopathol. 2016;2(5):3-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6676.100063

Xu H, Vorderstrasse AA, McConnell ES, Dupre ME, Østbye T, Wu B. Migration and cognitive function: A conceptual framework for global health research. Glob Health Res Pol. 2018;3(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-018-0088-5

Lundeen EA, Behrman JR, Crookston BT, Dearden KA, Engle P, Georgiadis A, et al. Growth faltering and recovery in children aged 1-8 years in four low-and middle-income countries: Young lives. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(9):2131-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013003017 PMid:24477079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013003017

Leroy JL, Ruel M, Habicht JP, Frongillo EA. Using height-for-age differences (HAD) instead of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) for the meaningful measurement of population-level catch-up in linear growth in children less than 5 years of age. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):1-11. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0458-9 PMid:26444012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0458-9

Desmond C, Casale D. Catch-up growth in stunted children : Definitions and predictors. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189135. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189135 PMid:29236728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189135

Léger J, Lévy-Marchal C. The role of catch-up growth. In: Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2004. p. 71-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-475570-4/00768-X

Crookston BT, Dearden KA, Alder SC, Porucznik CA, Stanford JB, Merrill RM, et al. Impact of early and concurrent stunting on cognition. Matern Child Nutr. 2011;7(4):397-409. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x PMid:21902807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x

Woldehanna T, Behrman JR, Araya MW. The effect of early childhood stunting on children’s cognitive achievements: Evidence from young lives Ethiopia. Ethiop J Heal Dev. 2017;31(2):75-84. PMid:29249889

Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Wills AK, Kurpad AV, Muthayya S, Hill JC, et al. Association of birthweight and head circumference at birth to cognitive performance in 9-to 10-year-old children in South India: Prospective birth cohort study. Pediatr Res. 2010;67(4):424-9. http://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d00b45 PMid:20032815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d00b45

Treit S, Zhou D, Chudley AE, Andrew G, Rasmussen C, Nikkel SM, et al. Relationships between head circumference, brain volume and cognition in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):1-15. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150370 PMid:26928125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150370

Sanou D, Ngnie-Tet I. Risk factors for anemia in preschool children in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Anemia. India: IntechOpen; 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/31289

Larson LM, Phiri KS, Pasricha SR. Iron and cognitive development: What is the evidence? Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;71(3):25-38. http://doi.org/10.1159/000480742 PMid:29268256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000480742

Lee H, Park H, Ha E, Hong YC, Ha M, Park H, et al. Effect of breastfeeding duration on cognitive development in infants: 3-year follow-up study. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(4):579-84. http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.4.579 PMid:27051242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.4.579

Haddad L, Cameron L, Barnett I. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in SE Asia and the Pacific: Priorities, Policies and Politics. Vol. 30, Health Policy and Planning. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 1193-206. http://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu110 PMid:25324529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu110

Rovio SP, Pihlman J, Pahkala K, Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Pitkänen N, et al. Childhood exposure to parental smoking and midlife cognitive function the young Finns study. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(11):1280-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa052 PMid:32242223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa052

Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, Muasyaroh A, Dibley MJ. Determinants of the stunting of children under two years old in Indonesia: A multilevel analysis of the 2013 Indonesia basic health survey. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1106. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106 PMid:31109058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106

Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):60-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4