Intracranial Hemorrhage Prediction for Traumatic Brain Injury Using Glasgow Comma Scale: Encountering the Absence of CT Scan

Rachmi Fauziah Rahayu; Luths Maharina; Adam Prabata; Muchtar Hanafi; Yuyun Yueniwati; Diah Pramudianti; Ida Prista Maryetty; Ropitasari Ropitasari

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9948

Authors

Rachmi Fauziah Rahayu Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-0350
Luths Maharina Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
Adam Prabata Cardiovascular Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Muchtar Hanafi Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9377-0255
Yuyun Yueniwati Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-2015
Diah Pramudianti Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
Ida Prista Maryetty Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
Ropitasari Ropitasari Diploma III of Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9948

Keywords:

CT scan, Glasgow coma scale, head injury, Intracranial hemorrhage

Abstract

Background: Intracranial hemorrhage is a complication of head injury. The initial assessment of the consciousness using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) shows severity level of head injury since arriving to the hospital. The GCS score is also known to have association with the presence of intracranial bleeding caused by head injury. This finding helps doctor lived in rural area with no facility of computed tomography (CT) scan to predict the intracranial haemorrhage by assessing the level of consciousness correctly using GCS score. Methods: This study is an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in Dr. Moewardi Hospital for 6 months starting from July to October 2020. The population was all patients with head injury and were then examined by CT scan of head. The 61 subjects were established through the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. Results: There were 61 patients in this study. The reliability test of CT-Scan instrument used Kappa-Cohen test which showed the K value of 0.875 with p < 0.001. The finding of moderate-severe head injury (GCS score 3-12) was associated with the increased risk of intracranial bleeding in head CT scan by 20.70 (5.58-76.77) times significantly higher (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is significant relationship between the patient's level of consciousness represented by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the intracranial bleeding based on the head CT scan in the patients with head injuries

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