Legionnaires’ Disease and Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Αlpha Inhibitors: A Forthcoming Problem?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2013.025Keywords:
opportunistic infection, Legionnaires’ disease, TNF-α inhibitors, immunosuppresion, rheumatic diseases.Abstract
Aim: To establish a review in the current literature and to analyze the relation Legionnaires’ disease – TNF-α inhibitors, in order to estimate the real indications for such connection.
Material and Methods: The electronic data for PubMed and Google Scholar have been searched, according to the vocabulary: legionellosis, epidemiology, outbreak, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, TNF-α inhibitors, indications, side effects, risk of infection. The obtained studies have been selected in English, according to the relevance by the topic.
Results: Selected papers, consisted of ten studies and eight case reports, yielded 35 cases of Legionnaires' disease associated with the use of TNF- α inhibitor treatment.
Discussion: There is a prevailing conclusion for increased risk of serious infections while using TNF-α inhibitors and also a deficiency of studies for an association of Legionnaires’ disease with the use of TNF-α inhibitors. Sub-diagnosing and no-existence of screening before the anti-TNF-α therapy blur the factual profile for the researched relation. The possibility for latent infection has not been sufficiently researched.
Conclusion: There are indications that Legionnaires’ disease in the therapy with TNF-α inhibitors is indeed a forthcoming problem. Additional target researches are required in order to establish the position of Legionnaires’ disease in the mosaic of anti - TNF-α therapy.Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, Parkin WE, Beecham HJ, Sharrar RG et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1977; 297:1189–1197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197712012972201
Hilbi H, Jarraud S, Hartland E, Buchrieser C. Update on Legionnaires’ disease: pathogenesis, epidemiology, detection and control. Mol Microbiol. 2010; 76:1:1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07086.x
Newton HJ, Ang DK, van Driel IR, Hartland EL. Molecular Pathogenesis of Infections Caused by Legionella pneumophila. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010; 23:2:274–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00052-09
Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE. Legionella and Legionnaires’ Disease: 25 Years of Investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002; 15:3:506–526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002
Yu VL, Plouffe JF, Pastoris MC, Stout JE, Schousboe M, Widmer A et al. Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J Infect Dis. 2002; 186:127–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/341087
The European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease, January 2005. (http://www.ewgli.org), assessed on 28.10.2012.
Jespersen S, Sogaard OS, Schonheyder HC, Fine MJ, Ostergaard L. Clinicalcfeatures and predictors of mortality in admitted patients with community- and hospital-acquired legionellosis: A Danish historical cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010; 10:124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-124
Roig1 J, Rello J. Legionnaires’ disease: a rational approach to therapy. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2003; 51:1119–1129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg191
Neil K, Berkelman R. Increasing Incidence of Legionellosis in the United States, 1990–2005: Changing Epidemiologic Trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47:591–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/590557
Beigel F, Jurgens M, Filik L, Bader L, Luck C, Goke B et al. Severe Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia Following Infliximab Therapy in a Patient with Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15:8:1240-1244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20866
Benin AL, Benson RF, Besser RE. Trends in Legionnaires disease, 1980–1998: declining mortality and new patterns of diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35:1039–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/342903
Chang J, Girgis L. Clinical use of anti-TNF-α biological agents. A guide for GPs Australian Family Physician. 2007; 36:12:1035-1038.
Cush JJ. Biological drug use: US perspectives on indications and monitoring. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:iv18–iv23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2005.042549
Furst DE, Keystone EC, Braun J, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, De Benedetti F et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2010. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; S70: i2–i36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.146852
Nakamura K, Honda K, Mizutani T, Akiho H, Harada N. Novel strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Selective inhibition of cytokines and adhesion molecules. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12:29:4628-4635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i29.4628
Ehlers S. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Its Blockade in Granulomatous Infections: Differential Modesof Action of Infliximab and Etanercept? Clin Inf Dis. 2005; 41:S3:199–203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/429998
Horowitz MA. Cell-mediated Immunity in Legionnaires' Disease. Ј Clin Invest. 1983; 71:1686-1697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110923
Skerrett SJ, Martin TR. Roles for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Nitric Oxide in Resistance of Rat Alveolar Macrophages to Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun. 1996; 64:8: 3236–3243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.64.8.3236-3243.1996
Skerrett SJ, Bagby GJ, Shmidt RA, Nelson S . Antibody-Mediated Depletion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Impairs Pulmonary Host Defenses to Legionella pneumophila. JID. 1997; 176:1019–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/516530
Tateda K, Matsumoto T, Ishii Y, Furaya N, Ohno A, Miyazaki S et al. Serum Cytokines in Patients with Legionella Pneumonia: Relative Predominance of Th1-Type Cytokines. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol.1998; 5:3:401–403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.5.3.401-403.1998
Calabrese L. The yin and yang of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Clevland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2006; 73:3:251-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.73.3.251
Mancini G, Erario L, Gianfreda R, Oliva A, Massetti AP, Mastroianni CM et al. Tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-a (anti-TNF-α) treatment. CMI. 2007; 13:1036–1037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01796.x
Hofmann A, Beaulieu Y, Bernard F Rico P. Fulminant legionellosis in two patients treated with infliximab for Crohn’s disease: Case series and literature review. Can J Gastroenterol. 2009;23:12:829-833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/836938
Christidis DS, Liberopoulos EN, Tsiara SN, Drosos AA, Elisaf MS. Legionella pneumophila Infection Possibly Related to Treatment With Infliximab. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2004;12:301–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000138941.29168.38
Jinno S, Pulido S, Pien BS. First reported United States case of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 pneumonia in a patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy. Hawai Medical Journal. 2009; 68:109-112.
Wuerz TC, Mooney O, Keynan Y. Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 pneumonia in patient receiving adalimumab. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012; 18:11:1872-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111505
Porzio M, Valenti L, Bignamini D, Ricchini F, Palleschi A, Tarsia P et al. Staphylococcus haemolyticus superinfection of legionella pneumonia during infliximab therapy. Open Journal of Internal Medicine. 2011; 1: 6-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojim.2011.11003
Epping G, van der Valk PD, Hendrix R. Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a pregnant woman treated with anti-TNF-α antibodies for Crohn's disease: A case report. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. 2010; 4: 687–689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.006
Kroesen S, Widmer AF, Tyndall A, Hasler P. Serious bacterial infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under anti-TNF-α therapy. Rheumatology. 2003; 42:617–621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keg263
Dixon WG, Watson K, Lunt M, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Symmons DP. Rates of Serious Infection, Including Site-Specific and Bacterial Intracellular Infection, in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Receiving Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy. Results From the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2006; 54:8:2368–2376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21978
Curtis JR, Xie F, Chen L, Baddley JW, Beukelman T, Saag KG et al. The comparative risk of serious infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients starting or switching biological agents. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70:8:1401–1406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.146365
Tubach F, Ravaud P, Salmon-Ceron D, Petitpain N, Brocq O, Grados F et al. Emergence of Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia in Patients Receiving Tumor Necrosis Factor–a Antagonists. CID. 2006; 43:e95–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/508538
Goekoop-Ruiterman Y, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens P, Hazes MW et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:406-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00005
Peŕez-Sola MJ, Torre-Cisneros J, Pérez-Zafrilla B, Carmona L, Descalzo MA, G ó mez-Reino JJ. BIOBADASER Study Group. Infections in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists: incidence, etiology and mortality in the BIOBADASER registry. Doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.11.032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.11.032
Kohn A, Daperno M, Armuzzi A, Cappellos M, Biancone L, Orlando A et al. Infliximab in severe ulcerative colitis: short-term results of different infusion regimens and long-term follow-up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 26: 747–756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03415.x
Aringer M, Houssiau F, Gordon C, Graninger WB,Voll RE, Rath E et al. Adverse events and efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 13 patients. Rheumatology. 2009; 48:1451–1454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kep270
Panaccione R, Loftus EV, Binion D, McHugh K, Alam S, Chen N et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in Canadian patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease: results of the adalimumab in Canadian subjects with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (ACCESS) trial. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011; 25:8:419-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/724813
Favalli EG, Marchesoni A, Colombo GL, Sinigaglia L. Pattern of use, economic burden and vial optimization of infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis in Italy. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2008; 26: 45-51.
Martin J, Walsh C, Gibbs A, McDonnell T, Fearon U, Keane J et al. Comparison of interferon-γ release assays and conventional screening tests before tumor necrosis factor a blockade in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69:181–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.101857
Woodhed M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Garau J,Huchon G, Leven M et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory trast infections. CMI. 2011; 17:S6:1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03602.x
Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. CID. 2007; 44:S2:27–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/511159
Sopena N, Sabrià -Leal M, Pedro-Botet ML, Padilla E, Dominguez J, Morera J et al. Comparative Study of the Clinical Presentation of Legionella Pneumonia and Other Community-Acquired Pneumonias. Chest. 1998;113:1195-1200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.113.5.1195
von Baum H, Ewig S, Marre R, Suttorp N, Gonschior S,Welte T et al. New Insights from the German Competence Network for Community Acquired Pneumonia. CID. 2008; 46:1356–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/586741
Risk of Legionella and Listeria: Boxed Warning Update for TNF inhibitors. DSQ 2011; 3:2:1. (www.rheumatology.org), assessed on 21.03.2012.
European Centre for Prevention and Disease Control. European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet). EU case definition. (www.ecdc.europa.eu), assessed on 31.07.2012.
Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, Hanson ME, Beenhouwer DO. Granulomatous Infectious Diseases Associated with Tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004; 38:1261–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/383317
Winthrop KL. Risk and prevention of tuberculosis and other serious opportunistic infections associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology. 2006; 2:11: 602-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0336
Blander SJ, Horwitz MA.Vaccination with Legionella pneumophila Membranes Induces Cell-mediated and Protective Immunity in a Guinea Pig Model of Legionnaires' Disease . Protective Immunity Independent of the Major Secretory Protein of Legionella pneumophila. J.Clin. Invest. 1991; 87:1054-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115065
Blander SJ, Horwitz MA.Vaccination with the major secretory protein od Legionella pneumofila induces cell-mediated and protectice immunity in a guinea pig model od Legionnaires’ disease. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 169: 691-705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.3.691
Blander SJ, Breiman RF, Horwitz MA. A Live Avirulent Mutant Legionella pneumophila Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity against Lethal Aerosol Challenge J Clin Invest. 1989; 83:810-815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113962
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
