On the Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis of HIV/AIDS Patients in the Insurgency Affected States of Nigeria

Patience I. Adamu; Pelumi Emmanuel Oguntunde; Hilary I. Okagbue; Olasunmbo O. Agboola

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.229

Authors

Patience I. Adamu Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota
Pelumi Emmanuel Oguntunde Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota
Hilary I. Okagbue Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota
Olasunmbo O. Agboola Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.229

Keywords:

AIDS, Boko Haram, Epidemiology, HIV, Nigeria

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The effect of insurgencies on a nation regarding the economy, education, health and infrastructure cannot be overemphasised.

AIM: This research is therefore focused on analysing the incidence of HIV/AIDS disease in states affected by the activities of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data collected refer to the period from 2004 to 2017, reporting information on 16,102 patients and including the age, gender, year of diagnosing and status of the patients. Descriptive, Chi-square test of independence and Correlation analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.

RESULTS: It was discovered that the majority of those living with HIV/AIDS in these Boko Haram ravaged areas are females between the age group of 30 years to 39 years. Reported cases of HIV/AIDS started increasing significantly from age 20, and the highest number of reported cases of HIV/AIDS was recorded in the year 2017.

CONCLUSION: The status of the patient was found to be dependent on both the gender and age of the patientsâ€™ treatment, though the strength of the linear relationship between status and age is not significantly different from zero.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Khan A, Cheri L. An examination of poverty as the foundation of crisis in Northern Nigeria. Insight Afr. 2016; 8(1):59-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087815612283

Adejumo AO, Ikoba NA, Suleiman EA, Okagbue HI, Oguntunde PE, Odetunmibi OA, Job O. Quantitative exploration of factors influencing psychotic disorder ailments in Nigeria. Data in Brief. 2017; 14:175-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.07.046 PMid:28795095 PMCid:PMC5537424

Adejumo AO, Suleiman EA, Okagbue HI, Oguntunde PE, Odetunmibi OA. Quantitative evaluation of pregnant women delivery status' records in Akure, Nigeria. Data in brief. 2018; 16:127-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.041 PMid:29201979 PMCid:PMC5699871

Oguntunde PE, Adejumo AO, Okagbue HI. Breast cancer patients in Nigeria: data exploration approach. Data in brief. 2017; 15:47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.08.038 PMid:28971122 PMCid:PMC5612794

Omole O, Welye H, Abimbola S. Boko Haram insurgency: implications for public health. The Lancet. 2015; 385(9972):941. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60207-0

Dunn, G. The impact of the Boko Haram insurgency in Northeast Nigeria on childhood wasting: a double-difference study. Conflict and Health. 2018; 12(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-018-0136-2 PMid:29410702 PMCid:PMC5782364

Amusan L, Ejoke UP. The psychological trauma inflicted by Boko Haram insurgency in the North Eastern Nigeria. Aggression and violent behaviour. 2017; 36:52-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.07.001

Roberts L. Nigeria's invisible crisis: Hunger amplifies infectious diseases for millions fleeing the violence of Boko Haram. Science. 2017; 356(6333):18-23. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.356.6333.18 PMid:28385968

Cumber SN, Jaila S, Nancy B, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM. Under five malnutrition crises in the Boko Haram area of Cameroon. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2017; 30(2):41-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2016.1251685

Bigna JJR. Polio eradication efforts in regions of geopolitical strife: The Boko Haram threat to efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. African Health Sciences. 2016; 16(2):584-587. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i2.28 PMid:27605975 PMCid:PMC4994566

Hamisu AW, Johnson TM, Craig K, Mkanda P, Banda R, Tegegne SG, Abdulrahim K. Strategies for improving polio surveillance performance in the security-challenged Nigerian States of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe during 2009â€“2014. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2016; 213:S136-S139. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv530 PMid:26655842 PMCid:PMC4818552

Kennedy J, McKee M, King L. Islamist insurgency and the war against polio: A cross-national analysis of the political determinants of polio. Globalization and Health. 2015; 11(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0123-y PMid:26420386 PMCid:PMC4589183

Oleribe OO, Taylor-Robinson SD. Before sustainable development goals (SDG): why Nigeria failed to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs). The Pan African medical journal. 2016; 24:156. PMid:27795754 PMCid:PMC5072827

Ager AK, Lembani M, Mohammed A, Ashir GM, Abdulwahab A, Pinho H, Delobelle P, Zarowsky C. Health service resilience in Yobe state, Nigeria in the context of the Boko Haram insurgency: a systems dynamics analysis using group model building. Conflict and health. 2015; 9(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-015-0056-3 PMid:26442129 PMCid:PMC4593224

Gidado M, Obasanya JO, Onazi J, Eneogu R, Chukwueme N, Joseph K, Useni S, Adejumo AO. Tuberculosis Control in security challenged states of North-East Nigeria. Are there significant impact? Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2015; 24(2):155-161. PMid:26353427

Dabkana TM, Bunu B, Naaya HU, Tela U, Adamu AS. Pattern of injuries seen during an insurgency: A 5-year review of 1339 cases from Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine. 2015; 14(2):114-117. https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.149910 PMid:25693820

Esu-Williams E, Mulanga-Kabeya C, Takena H, Zwandor A, Aminu K, Adamu I, Yetunde O, Akinsete I, Patrel D, Peelers M, Delaporte E. Seroprevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1 group O in Nigeria: Evidence for a growing increase of HIV infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology. 1997; 16(3):204-210. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199711010-00010 PMid:9390573

Moses AE, Chama C, Udo SM, Omotora BA. Knowledge, attitude and practice of ante-natal attendees toward prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection in a tertiary health facility, Northeast-Nigeria. East African journal of public health. 2009; 6(2):126-135.

Ahmed SG, Ibrahim UA, Kagu MB. The burden of HIV and AIDS on blood bank reserves in northeast Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007; 101(6):618-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.09.008 PMid:17178137

Bello RH, Olabode HOK. Incidence and demographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Biu, Borno State- Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 2011; 32(2):235-238.

Olabode HOK, Obot E, Bello RH. Qualitative detection of serum antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus amongst patients in Biu, Borno State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 2011; 32(2):231-233.

Mairiga AG, Kullima AA, Kawuwa MB. Social and health reasons for lime juice vaginal douching among female sex workers in Borno state, Nigeria. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine. 2010; 2(1):125. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.125 PMCid:PMC4565906

Kagu MB, Nggada HA, Garandawa HI, Askira BH, Durosinmi MA. AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in Northeastern Nigeria. Singapore Medical Journal. 2006; 47(12):1069-1074. PMid:17139404

Chikwem JO, Mohammed I, Ola T. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among female prostitutes in Borno State of Nigeria: one year follow-up. East African Medical Journal. 1989; 66(11):752-756. PMid:2606018

Chikwem JO, Mohammed I, Oyebode Ola T, Bajami M, Mambula S, Gashau W. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Borno State of Nigeria. East African Medical Journal. 1988; 65(5):342-346. PMid:3168871

Etiaba E, Onwujekwe O, Torpey K, Uzochukwu B, Chiegil R. What is the economic burden of subsidized HIV/AIDS treatment services on patients in Nigeria and is this burden catastrophic to households? PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(12):e0167117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167117 PMid:27911921 PMCid:PMC5135056

Onwujekwe OE, Ibe O, Torpey K, Dada S, Uzochukwu B, Sanwo O. Examining geographic and socio-economic differences in outpatient and inpatient consumer expenditures for treating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2016; 19(1):20588. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.20588 PMid:26838093 PMCid:PMC4737733

Iya BI, Purukayo SG, Yusuf G. The effects of HIV/AIDS scourge on production and income among rural households in Adamawa State of Nigeria. Global journal of health Science. 2012; 4(1):245-252.

Abdulazeez AA, Alo EB, Rebecca SN. Carriage rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among different ABO and Rhesus blood groups in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Biomedical Research. 2008; 19(1):41-44.

Thliza MG, Sabo E. Studies on the effects of HIV/AIDS on farmers productivity in Michika, Adamawa State. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 2007; 2(7):642-646. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2007.642.646

Dankoli RS, Aliyu AA, Nsubuga P, Nguku P, Ossai OP, Tukur D, Ibrahim L, Madi JE, Dalhat M, Abdullaziz M. HIV disclosure status and factors among adult HIV positive patients in a secondary health facility in North-Eastern Nigeria, 2011. The Pan African medical journal. 2014; 18:4. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.3551 PMid:25328623 PMCid:PMC4199349

Anugboba OGR, Ezera A, Martins SI, Alex O. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and some AIDS associated opportunistic infections in parts of Northern Nigeria. Emirates Medical Journal. 2005; 23(1):35-39.

Arodiwe I, Ikefuna A, Obidike E, Arodiwe E, Anisuba B, Ibeziako N, Omokoidion S, Okoroma C. Left ventricular systolic function in Nigerian children infected with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2016; 27(1):25-29. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-066 PMid:26956496 PMCid:PMC4816967

Awodele O, Olayemi SO, Adeyemo TA, Sanya TA, Dolapo DC. Use of complementary medicine amongst patients on antiretroviral drugs in an HIV treatment centre in Lagos, Nigeria. Current Drug Safety. 2012; 7(2):120-125. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488612802715627 PMid:22873496

Odu BK, Oluwasegun GF. Condom use among risk behaviour group in Ekiti-State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2011; 6(1):8-14. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijtmed.2011.8.14

Essien EJ, Ross MW, Ezedinachi ENU, Meremikwu M. Cross-national HIV infection control practices and fear of AIDS: A comparison between Nigeria and the USA. International Journal of STD and AIDS. 1997; 8(12):764-771. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462971919246 PMid:9433951

Idigbe EO, Nasidi A, Anyiwo CE, Onubogu C, Alabi S, Okoye R, Ugwu O, John EKO. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in tuberculosis patients in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994; 97(2):91-97. PMid:8170009

Royal W, Cherner M, Carr J, Habib AG, Akomolafe A, Abimiku A, Charurat M, Farley J, Oluyemisi A, Mamadu I, Johnson J, Ellis R, McCutchen JA, Grant I, Blattner WA. Clinical features and preliminary studies of virological correlates of neurocognitive impairment among HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria. Journal of Neuro Virology. 2012; 18(3):191-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-012-0097-y PMid:22528480 PMCid:PMC3717366

Ranti KO, Glory AO, Victoria BT, Isaac KO. Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in a teaching hospital in south-west Nigeria: A four-year retrospective study. HIV and AIDS Review. 2016; 15(4):136-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hivar.2016.11.001

Adebowale SA, Ajiboye BV, Arulogun O. Patterns and correlates of condom use among unmarried male youths in Nigeria: NDHS 2008. African journal of Reproductive Health. 2013; 17(3):149-159. PMid:24069777

StrÃ¶mdahl S, Onigbanjo Williams A, Eziefule B, Emmanuel G, Iwuagwu S, Anene O, Orazulike I, Beyrer C, Baral S. Associations of consistent condom use among men who have sex with men in Abuja, Nigeria. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2012; 28(12):1756-1762. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2012.0070 PMid:22574699

Muhammed OT, Akpa OM, Atilola GO, Komolafe IO. Seroprevalence of HIV/AIDS and HIV risk factors among prison inmates in Ogun State, Nigeria. HIV and AIDS Review. 2002; 11(1):25-30.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hivar.2012.02.001

Adeniyi SO, Oyewumi AM, Fakolade OA. An assessment of the level of influence of family life and HIV/AIDS education on knowledge, attitude and decision making among adolescents with hearing impairment in some states in Nigeria. International Journal of Special Education. 2011; 26(3):5-11.

Azuogu BN, Ogbonnaya LU, Alo CN. HIV voluntary counseling and testing practices among military personnel and civilian residents in a military cantonment in southeastern Nigeria. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care. 2011; 3: 107-116.

DeSilva MB, Merry SP, Fischer PR, Rohrer JE, Isichei CO, Cha SS. Youth, unemployment, and male gender predict mortality in AIDS patients started on HAART in Nigeria. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2009; 21(1):70-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802017636