The Connection of the Level of Estradiol in Serum and Obesity with the Endometrial Bleeding in Postmenopausal Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.079Keywords:
Postmenopausis, bleeding, Postmenopausal patients, Serum estradiol, BMI, Endometrial malignancyAbstract
BACKGROUND: Postmenopausis is a period that begins one year after the last menstrual period. Abnormal uterine bleeding could be of different origins.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the association of serum estrogen hormone levels and obesity with the occurrence of endometrial bleeding in post-menopausal women.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective clinical study involving 120 postmenopausal patients treated at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics-Skopje, divided into two groups: control and study. The control group consisted of 40 postmenopausal patients without endometrial bleeding, hospitalised and operated due to urogenital pathology. The study group consisted of 80 patients with endometrial bleeding who were divided into three subgroups according to the thickness of the endometrium: from 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm and above 11 mm. In all subjects, estradiol and BMI was determined.
RESULTS: Estradiol levels were statistically higher in the study group compared to control while statistically significant difference among the three subgroups according to the thickness of the endometrium about the levels of estradiol in blood is not found. About BMI, the results showed that there was no statistical significance between the two examined groups.
CONCLUSION: Patients with endometrial bleeding have increased levels of estradiol and are at increased risk of endometrial cancer about controls, the likelihood of endometrial cancer significantly increases by 1,108 times.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Morrow CHP, DiSaia PH, Towsand DE. Current menagment of endometrial carcinoma. Obstet. Gynecol. 1973; 42:399-406. PMid:4724410
Bolis G, La Vechia C, Presti M and Crosignani PG. Cancro dell"endometrio:epidemiologia e storia natural. Attualita in oncologia ginecologica, 1988.
Walker Bone K, Cooper C, Epidemiology of the menopause. In: Agnusdei D, Compston J, SERMs: a novel option to maintain health in postmenopausis. Martin Dunitz: London, 2000:15-30.
APGO educational series on womens healt issues.Clinical menagment of abnormal uterine bleeding. Association of Proffesors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2006.
Wickland M, Grangberg S and Karlsson B. Assesment of endometrium in postmenopausal woman by vaginal sonography. Ultrasound. 1992; 10:15-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/00013644-199201010-00002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00013644-199201010-00002
Choo YC, Mak KC, Hsu C, Wong TS.and Ma HK. Postmenopausal uterine bleeding of non organic cause. Obstet.Gynec. 1985; 66:225-8. PMid:4022485
Merril JA. Menagment of postmenopausal bleeding. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 24:285-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003081-198103000-00024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003081-198103000-00024
Evans P et al. Uterine fibroid tumors: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician. 2007; 75(10):1503-1508. PMid:17555142
Allen NE, Key TJ, Dossus L. Endogenous sex hormones and endometrial cancer risk in women in the European prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Endocr Related Cancer. 2008; 15(2):485-497. https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-07-0064 PMid:18509001 PMCid:PMC2396334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-07-0064
Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: Cohort study. BMJ. 2007; 335:1134. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.AE PMid:17986716 PMCid:PMC2099519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.AE
Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: Epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004; 4:579–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1408 PMid:15286738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1408
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008; 371:569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Continuous Update Project Report. Food: Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Endometrial Cancer, 2013.
Buckley CH Fox H. Biopsy Pathology of the Endometrium. 2nd edn. London: Arnold, 2002.
Mutter GL Zaino RJ Baak JP. Benign endometrial hyperplasia sequence and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2007; 26:103-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0b013e31802e4696 PMid:17413975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0b013e31802e4696
Zheng W Liang SX Yu H. Endometrial glandular dysplasia: a newly defined precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Part I: morphologic features. Int J Surg Pathol. 2004; 12:207-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/106689690401200302 PMid:15306933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106689690401200302
Costa-Paiva L, Godoy CE, Antunes A, Caseiro JD, Arthuso M, et al. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2011; 18(12:1278-1282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31821e23a1
Freedman DS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Library of Medicine. MMWR supplements. 2011; 60(1):73-77. PMid:21430626
Weiderpass E, Persson I, Adami HO, Magnusson C, Lindgren A, Baron JA. Body size in different periods of life, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and risk of postmenopausal endometrial cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes & Control. 2000; 11(2):185-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008946825313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008946825313
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Valentina Tofiloska, Maria Krstevska, Ana Daneva-Markova, Viktorija Jovanovska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
