Child Blood Pressure Profile in Bali, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.466Keywords:
child hypertension, Bali, age, nutrition, family historyAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mortality and morbidity in an adult will be reduced by controlling hypertension from an early age. Uncontrolled blood pressure since children can contribute to diseases such as heart disease, organ damage, and decreased quality of life. As changes in lifestyle, it is estimated that hypertension in children will continue to increase. Until now, data regarding the profile of blood pressure in children in Indonesia is still lacking.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of increased blood pressure and hypertension in children in Bali.
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. The sampling technique in this study was multistage random sampling, that is, from 9 regencies in Bali, the selection of 3 regencies to be sampled according to socio-economic stratification based on regional economic growth and regional per capita income in Bali Province.
RESULTS: From 1257, samples examined the prevalence of increased blood pressure, and hypertension was 689 children (54.8%). From the age group, the prevalence of an increase in blood pressure and hypertension in the age group ≤ , 12 years was 47.3%, and in the age group > 12 years was 62.2%. Increased blood pressure in nutritional status including Obesity 51.4%, Nutrition More 52.9%, Good Nutrition 42.2%, Nutrition Less 43.9%, Malnutrition 50.0%. In families with a history of hypertension, the prevalence of increased blood pressure and hypertension in subjects was 60.3% and in families without a history of hypertension was 43.4%.
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that there is still a prevalence of hypertension in children in Bali. Health efforts are needed so that they can minimise the further health impact that might occur. It should also be noted that various factors can influence the prevalence of increased blood pressure and hypertension in children.
Downloads
Metrics
Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block
References
Essouma M, Noubiap JJN, Bigna JJR, Nansseu JRN, Jinggi AM, Aminde LN, et al. Hypertension prevalence, incidence and risk factors among children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and metaanalysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2015; 5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008472 PMid:26373403 PMCid:PMC4577976
Lewis MN, Shatat IF, Philips SM. Screening for hypertension in children and adolescents: methodology and current practice recommendations. Front. Pediatr. 2017; 5:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00051 PMid:28361048 PMCid:PMC5350116
Meng L, Liang Y, Liu J, Hu Y, Yan Y, Mi J. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension based on repeated measurements in Chinese children and adolescents. Blood Pressure. 2013; 22:57-64. https://doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2012.701790 PMid:22853559
Gupta-Malhotra M, Banker A, Shete S, Hashmi SS, Tyson JE, Barrat MS, et al. Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children. American Journal of Hypertension. 2015; 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu083 PMid:24842390 PMCid:PMC4318949
Falkner B, Flynn JT, Gidding S, Green LA, Ingelfinger JR, Lauer RM, et al. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescent. USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Service; 2005.
Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017; 140(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3035 PMid:29192011
Sastroasmoro S. Pemilihan Subyek Penelitian. Dalam: Sastroasmoro, S., Ismael, S., ed. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. 2008.
Sutawan IBR. Prevalensi dan hubungan hipertensi dengan obesitas anak dan riwayat hipertensi orang tua pada anak sekolah dasar di Bali. Thesis. 2015.
Fuiano N, Luciano A, Pilotto L, Pietrobelli A. Overweight and hypertension: longitudinal study in school-aged children. Minerva Pediatrica. 2006; 58: 451-459.
Mohkam M, Karimi A, Khatami NEA, Fallah F, Maham S, Gorji FJFA. Blood pressure screening in school-aged children in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2011; 5: 229-233.
Urrutia-Rojas X, Egbuchunam CU, Bae S, Menchaca J, Bayona M, Rivers PA, et al. High blood pressure in school children: prevalence and risk factors. BMC Pediatrics. 2006; 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-6-32 PMid:17109750 PMCid:PMC1657006
Salman Z, Kirk GD, DeBoer MD. High rate of obesity-associated hypertension among primary schoolchildren in Sudan. International Journal of Hypertension. 2010; 11: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/629492 PMid:21234364 PMCid:PMC3014717
Aregullin-Eligio EO, Alcorta-Garza MC. Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de hipertensión arterial en escolares Mexicanos. Salud Pública De México. 2009; 51: 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342009000100005 PMid:19180308
Moore WE, Eichner JE, Cohn EM, Thompson DM, Kobza CE, Abbott KE. Blood pressure screening of school children in a multiracial school district: the healthy kids project. American Journal of Hypertension. 2009; 22: 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.13 PMid:19214168
Subhi MD. Blood pressure profiles and hypertension in iraqi primary school children. Saudi Med J. 2006; 27: 482-486.
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. The 2007 Report of National Basic Health Survey. Jakarta: Research and Development Board Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2008.
Falkner B, Lurbe E, Schaefer F. High blood pressure in children: clinical and health policy implications. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2010; 12:261-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00245.x PMid:20433547
Tkaczyk M, Nowicki M, BałaszChmielewska I, et al. Hypertension in dialysed children: the prevalence and therapeutic approach in Poland-a nationwide survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21:736-742. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfi280 PMid:16303782
Kramer AM, van Stralen KJ, Jager KJ, et al. Demographics of blood pressure and hypertension in children on renal replacement therapy in Europe. Kidney Int. 2011; 80:1092-1098. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.232 PMid:21814180
Halbach SM, Martz K, Mattoo T, Flynn J. Predictors of blood pressure and its control in pediatric patients receiving dialysis. J Pediatr. 2012; 160:621- 625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.046 PMid:22056352 PMCid:PMC3409690
Kaelber DC. IBM explorys cohort discovery tool, 2019. Available at: www.ibm. com/watson/health/explorys. Accessed March 3, 2019.
Barker DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ. 1990;301:1111. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 PMid:2252919 PMCid:PMC1664286
Edvardsson VO, Steinthorsdottir SD, Eliasdottir SB, Indridason OS, Palsson R. Birth weight and childhood blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012; 14:596-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0311-6 PMid:23054892
Mhanna MJ, Iqbal AM, Kaelber DC. Weight gain and hypertension at three years of age and older in extremely low birth weight infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2015; 8:363-369. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-15814080 PMid:26836822
Di Salvo G, Castaldi B, Baldini L, et al. Masked hypertension in young patients after successful aortic coarctation repair: impact on left ventricular geometry and function. J Hum Hypertens. 2011; 25:739-745. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2010.118 PMid:21228825
Falkner B, Gidding SS, Portman R, Rosner B. Blood pressure variability and classification of prehypertension and hypertension in adolescence. Pediatrics. 2008; 122:238-242. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2776 PMid:18676538
Tracy RE, Newman WP III, Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Strong JP, Berenson GS. Histologic features of atherosclerosis and hypertension from autopsies of young individuals in a defined geographic population: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 1995; 116:163-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(95)05525-2
Urbina EM, Khoury PR, McCoy C, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM. Cardiac and vascular consequences of prehypertension in youth. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011; 13:332-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00471.x PMid:21545394 PMCid:PMC3092159
de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Koren MJ, Meyer RA, Laragh JH. Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25:1056-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)00540-7
O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Carotidartery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:14-22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901073400103 PMid:9878640
Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010; 121:505-511. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886655 PMid:20083680 PMCid:PMC2836717
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010; 121:586-613. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703 PMid:20089546
Ning H, Labarthe DR, Shay CM, et al. Status of cardiovascular health in US children up to 11 years of age: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2010. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015; 8:164-171. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001274 PMid:25782775
Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Hagberg N, et al; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; Stroke Council. Cardiovascular health promotion in children: challenges and opportunities for 2020 and beyond: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016; 134:e236-e255.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Dyah Kanya Wati, Putu Cintya Denny Yuliyatni, I Made Krisna Dinata, Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati, I Gede Raka Widiana, Ida Bagus Ramajaya Sutawan, I Gusti Ngurah Putu Mandela Agatha Sunantara (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0