No Association between 25 (OH) Vitamin D Level And Hypothyroidism among Females

Imad R. Musa; Gasim I. Gasim; Sajjad Khan; Ibrahim A. Ibrahim; Hamdi Abo-alazm; Ishag Adam

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2017.029

Authors

Imad R. Musa Armed Forces Hospital at King Abdu Aziz Air Base, Dhahran
Gasim I. Gasim Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University, Khartoum
Sajjad Khan Central Hospital, Arar
Ibrahim A. Ibrahim Medical Laboratory Science, United Medical Laboratory
Hamdi Abo-alazm Medical Laboratory Science, United Medical Laboratory
Ishag Adam Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Khartoum

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.029

Keywords:

Keywords, hypothyroidism, vitamin D levels, females

Abstract

AIM: The aim was to investigate serum vitamin D (25-OH) level among females with hypothyroidism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study (58 in each arm) was conducted in Arar Central Hospital, Kingdom Saudi Arabia. The cases were females with hypothyroidism, and healthy females were controls. TSH, thyroid hormones: Free T3 (FT3) and Free T4 (FT4) and haemoglobin levels were measured in all participants. Serum vitamin D (25-OH) level was measured using the spectrophotometry.

RESULTS: While there was no significant difference in the age and haemoglobin level, body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the cases. Compared with the controls, cases had significantly higher TSH, had significantly lower T4, and there was no significant difference in FT3 and 25 (OH) vitamin D, [16.1 (8.8-26.7) vs. 14.0 (9.5-20.3 ng/ml; P = 0.577]. Linear regression showed no association between, age, BMI, haemoglobin, TSH, FT3, FT4 and the log of 25 (OH) vitamin D levels.

CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in vitamin D level among females with hypothyroidism and healthy controls.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Plum Analytics Artifact Widget Block

References

Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007; 357: 266â€“281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553 PMid:17634462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553

Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 87:1080Sâ€“6S. PMid:18400738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S

Lemire JM, Adams JS, Sakai R, Jordan SC. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses proliferation and immunoglobulin production by normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1984;74(2):657-661. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111465 PMid:6611355 PMCid:PMC370520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111465

Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW. Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). The Journal of clinical investigation. 1984; 74:1451â€“5. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111557 PMid:6332829 PMCid:PMC425314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111557

Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Ntalles K. Hypothyroidism - new aspects of an old disease. Hippokratia. 2010;14(2):82-87. PMid:20596261 PMCid:PMC2895281

Mosekilde L, Lund B, SoÌ¸rensen OH, Christensen MS, Melsen F. Serum-25 hydroxycholecalciferol in hyperthyroidism. The Lancet. 1977; 309:806â€“807. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92995-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92995-6

Velentzas C, Oreopoulos D.G, From G, Porret B, Rapoport A. Vitamin-d levels in thyrotoxicosis. The Lancet. 1977; 309:370â€“371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91177-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91177-1

Alhuzaim ON, Aljohani N. Effect of Vitamin D3 on Untreated Graves' Disease with Vitamin D Deficiency. Clinical Medicine Insights Case Reports. 2014; 7:83-85. https://doi.org/10.4137/CCRep.S13157 PMid:25187748 PMCid:PMC4133032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4137/CCRep.S13157

Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008;52:1949â€“56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050 PMid:19055985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050

Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Archives of internal medicine, 2008; 168:1629â€“37. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629 PMid:18695076 PMCid:PMC2677029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629

Almerighi C, Sinistro A, Cavazza A, Ciaprini C, Rocchi G, Bergamini A. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine. 2009;45(3):190â€“7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.009 PMid:19186073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.009

Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2006; 92:4â€“8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016 PMid:16563471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016

Yetley EA, BrulÃ© D, Cheney MC, Davis CD, Esslinger KA, Fischer PW et al. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin D: justification for a review of the 1997 values. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 89:719â€“27. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26903 PMid:19176741 PMCid:PMC2667666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26903

Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 88:582Sâ€“586S. PMid:18689406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.582S

Alqahatani M, Tamimi W, Aldaker M, Alenzi F, Tamim H, Alsadhan A. Young adult reference ranges for thyroid function tests on the Centaur immunoassay analyser. British journal of biomedical science. 2006;63:163â€“5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2006.11732744 PMid:17201204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2006.11732744

Khan QJ, Fabian CJ. How I treat vitamin d deficiency. Journal of oncology practice. 2010; 6:97â€“101. https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.091087 PMid:20592785 PMCid:PMC2835491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.091087

Goswami R, Marwaha RK, Gupta N, Tandon N, Sreenivas V, Tomar N, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey. British Journal of Nutrition. 2009;102: 382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509220824 PMid:19203420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509220824

Effraimidis G, Badenhoop K, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2012; 167:43â€“8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0048 PMid:22518050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0048

Sezgin G, Ozer ME, Bayramicli OU, Ozel AM, Aksungar F, Nalbant S. Relationship of vitamin d deficiency and autoimmune thyroid diseases. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2011; 22:S87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-6205(11)60355-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-6205(11)60355-5

Hussain AN, Alkhenizan AH, El Shaker M, Raef H, Gabr A. Increasing trends and significance of hypovitaminosis D: a population-based study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arch Osteoporos. 2014;9(1):190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-014-0190-3 PMid:25213798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-014-0190-3

Alkhenizan A, Mahmoud A, Hussain A, Gabr A, Alsoghayer S, Eldali A. The Relationship between 25 (OH) D Levels (Vitamin D) and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in a Saudi Population in a Community-Based Setting. Slominski AT, editor. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169122

Sadat-Ali M, AlElq A, Al-Turki H, Al-Mulhim F, Al-Ali A. Vitamin D levels in healthy men in eastern Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2009;29:378-382. https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.55168 PMid:19700896 PMCid:PMC3290044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.55168

Fawzy E, Al-Sayed Mohamed S, El-Rabat AM. Hypovitaminosis D In Autoimmune Hypothyroidism. Journal of American Science J Am Sci. 2013; 99:60â€“65.

Mackawy AMH, Al-ayed Bushra Mohammed, Al-rashidi Bashayer Mater. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Thyroid Disease. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2013;7(3):267-275. https://doi.org/10.12816/0006054 PMid:24533019 PMCid:PMC3921055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0006054

Boyuk B, Altay M, Atalay H, Guzel S, Celebi A, Ekizoglu I. No relationship between 25 OH vitamin D and autoimmunity in women patients with hypothyroidism. Acta Medica Mediterr. 2016;32(3):779â€“84.

Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappl M, Shapira Y, Szekanecz Z. Thyroid disease and vitamin D deficiency. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2010;69:A62â€“A62. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.129650g DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.129650g

Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Current opinion in pharmacology. 2010;10:482â€“96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001 PMid:20427238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001

Tamer G, Arik S, Tamer I, Coksert D. Relative vitamin D insufficiency in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2011; 21:891â€“6. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0200 PMid:21751884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0200

Shin DY, Kim KJ, Kim D, Hwang S, Lee EJ. Low serum vitamin D is associated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in autoimmune thyroiditis. Yonsei medical journal, 2014; 55:476â€“81. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.2.476 PMid:24532520 PMCid:PMC3936621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.2.476

Choi YM, Kim WG, Kim TY, Bae SJ, Kim HK, Jang EK. et al. Low levels of serum vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2014; 24:655â€“61. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2013.0460 PMid:24320141 PMCid:PMC3993051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2013.0460

Wang J, Lv S, Chen G, Gao C, He J, Zhong H, Xu Y. et al. Meta-Analysis of the Association between Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Nutrients. 2015; 7:2485-2498. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042485 PMid:25854833 PMCid:PMC4425156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042485

Aljohani NJ, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkhrafy KM, Al-Othman A, Yakout S. et al. Differences and associations of metabolic and vitamin D status among patients with and without sub-clinical hypothyroid dysfunction. BMC endocrine disorders. 2013;13:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-31 PMid:23962199 PMCid:PMC3751774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-31

Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Al-Okail MS, Alkharfy KM, Al-Yousef MA, Nadhrah HM. et al. Severe hypovitaminosis D is widespread and more common in non-diabetics than diabetics in Saudi adults. Saudi medical journal. 2010;31:775â€“80. PMid:20635011

Tamer G, Mesci B, Tamer I, Kilic D, Arik S. Is vitamin D deficiency an independent risk factor for obesity and abdominal obesity in women? Endokrynologia Polska. 2012;63:196â€“201. PMid:22744625

Saler T, KeÅŸkek SO, Ahbab S, Cakir S, OrtoÄŸlu G, Bankir M. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in women with vitamin D deficiency: A cross sectional study. American Journal of Internal Medicine. 2014; 2:44â€“48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140203.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140203.12

Zhang Q, Wang Z, Sun M, Mengdie Cao, Zhenxin Zhu, Qi Fu ,et al. Association of High Vitamin D Status with Low Circulating Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Independent of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Middle-Aged and Elderly Males. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;2014:631819. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/631819 PMid:24693286 PMCid:PMC3947886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/631819

Kim, D. Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2016;15(3):385-393. https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1681

Barchetta I, Baroni MG, Leonetti F, De Bernardinis M, Bertoccini L, Fontana M. et al. TSH levels are associated with vitamin D status and seasonality in an adult population of euthyroid adults. Clinical and experimental medicine. 2015;15:389â€“96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-014-0290-9 PMid:24925636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-014-0290-9

Vondra K, StÃ¡rka L, Hampl R. Vitamin D and Thyroid Diseases. Physiol. Res. 2015; 64:95â€“100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933083

Chaudhary S, Dutta D, Kumar M, Saha S, Mondal SA, Kumar A et al. Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2016; 20:391â€“8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.179997 PMid:27186560 PMCid:PMC4855971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.179997

Mansournia N, Mansournia MA, Saeedi S, Dehghan J. The association between serum 25OHD levels and hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2014; 37:473â€“6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-014-0064-y PMid:24639121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-014-0064-y

BÃ¡rsony J, Lakatos P, FÃ¶ldes J, FehÃ©r T. Effect of vitamin D3 loading and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with hypothyroidism. Acta endocrinologica. 1986; 113:329â€“34. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1130329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1130329

Sworczak K, WiÅ›niewski P. The role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of thyroid disorders. Endokrynologia Polska. 2011; 62:340â€“4. PMid:21879475

Clinckspoor I, Verlinden L, Mathieu C, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Decallonne B. Vitamin D in thyroid tumorigenesis and development. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 2013; 48:65â€“98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proghi.2013.07.001 PMid:23890557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proghi.2013.07.001

Penna-Martinez M, Ramos-Lopez E, Stern J, Kahles H, Hinsch N, Hansmann ML, Selkinski I, et al. Impaired Vitamin D Activation and Association with CYP24A1 Haplotypes in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid. 2012; 22:709â€“716. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2011.0330 PMid:22690899 PMCid:PMC3387756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2011.0330

Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. Calcified tissue international. 2005;76: 11â€“6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0025-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0025-0

PMid:15478001